Abstrak
Stunting merupakan rendahnya ukuran antropometri dari panjang atau tinggi badan menurut umur akibat kekurangan gizi dalam jangka waktu lama. Stunting menyebabkan anak gagal mencapai pertumbuhan linear dan potensi kognitif yang optimal. Sumatera Barat menjadi satu-satunya provinsi di Pulau Sumatera yang mengalami peningkatan angka stunting pada tahun 2022, dari 23,3% (2021) menjadi 25,2% (2022). Tingginya stunting di perdesaan dibandingkan di perkotaan berkaitan dengan determinan stunting di tiap karakteristik wilayah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui determinan stunting pada anak usia 6-23 bulan berdasarkan wilayah perdesaan dan perkotaan di Provinsi Sumatera Barat menurut data Survei Status Gizi Indonesia Tahun 2022. Desain penelitian ini adalah cross sectional dengan jumlah sampel 2.011 anak dari total sampling sesuai kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Variabel independen meliputi faktor anak, ibu, keluarga, dan lingkungan. Penelitian ini dianalisis secara univariat, bivariat (chi square), dan multivariat (regresi logistik ganda). Hasil menunjukkan prevalensi stunting di Provinsi Sumatera Barat sebesar 18,4%, dengan proporsi stunting di perdesaan (22,1%) lebih tinggi dibanding perkotaan (16,8%). Terdapat perbedaan proporsi stunting berdasarkan jenis kelamin, usia anak, panjang badan lahir, tinggi badan ibu, dan kunjungan ANC di perdesaan. Untuk perkotaan, terdapat perbedaan proporsi stunting berdasarkan pneumonia, jenis kelamin, usia anak, berat badan lahir, panjang badan lahir, tinggi badan ibu, pendidikan ibu, ketahanan pangan rumah tangga, dan sanitasi. Secara keseluruhan di Provinsi Sumatera Barat, terdapat perbedaan proporsi stunting berdasarkan pneumonia, jenis kelamin, usia anak, berat badan lahir, panjang badan lahir, tinggi badan ibu, kunjungan ANC, pendidikan ibu, ketahanan pangan rumah tangga, sanitasi, dan klasifikasi tempat tinggal. Faktor dominan yang berhubungan dengan stunting di perdesaan adalah usia anak (OR=3,181), sedangkan di perkotaan dan Provinsi Sumatera Barat adalah tinggi badan ibu (OR=2,994; 2,960). Peningkatan usia anak perlu mendapatkan perhatian lebih agar kemungkinan terjadinya stunting dapat dicegah atau ditangani lebih dini. Pencegahan dan penanggulangan stunting perlu dimulai dari hulu dengan lebih memerhatikan asupan zat gizi dan kesehatan remaja putri sebagai calon ibu agar memiliki status gizi yang baik.
Stunting is an anthropometric measure of low body length or height according to age due to long-term malnutrition. Stunting causes children to fail to achieve optimal linear growth and cognitive potential. West Sumatra is the only province on the island of Sumatra that will experience an increase in stunting rates in 2022, from 23.3% (2021) to 25.2% (2022). The higher rate of stunting in rural compared to urban areas is related to the determinants of stunting in each characteristic of areas. This study aims to determine the determinants of stunting in children aged 6-23 months based on rural and urban areas in West Sumatra Province according to data from the Indonesian Nutrition Status Survey 2022. The design of this research is cross sectional with a sample size of 2,011 children from the total sampling according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Independent variables include child, mother, family and environmental factors. This research was analyzed univariate, bivariate (chi square), and multivariate (multiple logistic regression). The results show that the prevalence of stunting in West Sumatra Province is 18.4%, with the proportion of stunting in rural (22.1%) higher than urban areas (16.8%). There are differences in the proportion of stunting based on gender, child's age, birth length, mother's height, and ANC visits in rural areas. For urban, there are differences in the proportion of stunting based on pneumonia, gender, child's age, birth weight, birth length, mother's height, mother's education, household food security, and sanitation. Overall in West Sumatra Province, there are differences in the proportion of stunting based on pneumonia, gender, child's age, birth weight, birth length, mother's height, ANC visits, mother's education, household food security, sanitation, and residence classification. The dominant factor associated with stunting in rural is the child's age (OR=3.181), while in urban and West Sumatra Province it is the mother's height (OR=2.994; 2.960). Increasing the age of children needs more attention so that the possibility of stunting can be prevented or treated earlier. Prevention and control of stunting needs to start from the upstream by paying more attention to the nutritional intake and health of young women as mothers-to-be so that they have good nutritional status.