Abstrak
Stunting merupakan masalah gizi kronis yang ditandai dengan pertumbuhan linier yang terhambat dinilai dari panjang badan atau tinggi badan menurut umur <-2 SD berdasarkan standar pertumbuhan anak WHO. Stunting disebabkan langsung oleh asupan gizi yang tidak adekuat dan penyakit infeksi berulang yang terjadi terutama pada periode 1000 Hari Pertama Kehidupan (HPK). Stunting dapat meningkatkan morbiditas dan mortalitas anak, menghambat perkembangan kognitif, meningkatkan risiko penyakit tidak menular saat dewasa, serta menurunkan kapasitas kerja. Prevalensi stunting di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat (32,7%) menduduki urutan tertinggi ke 4 di Indonesia berdasarkan Survei Status Gizi Indonesia (SSGI) tahun 2022. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbandingan determinan stunting pada anak usia 6-23 bulan di wilayah perdesaan dan perkotaan di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah cross sectional dengan 858 sampel yang diperoleh dari total sampling berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder dari SSGI tahun 2022. Variabel independen meliputi faktor anak, keluarga, dan lingkungan. Analisis bivariat menggunakan uji kai kuadrat dan multivariat menggunakan regresi logistik ganda model determinan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan proporsi stunting pada anak usia 6-23 bulan di perdesaan (27,2%) dan perkotaan (28,2%). Proporsi anak dengan status imunisasi tidak lengkap, pendidikan ayah dan ibu rendah, kunjungan ANC ibu < 6 kali, anemia saat hamil, keluarga rawan pangan, sumber air minum dan sanitasi tidak layak lebih tinggi di perdesaan. Sedangkan proporsi anak dengan riwayat tidak IMD, tidak ASI ekkslusif, waktu pengenalan MPASI < 6 bulan, ISPA, pneumonia dan tuberkulosis paru lebih tinggi di wilayah perkotaan. Proporsi stunting lebih tinggi pada anak usia 11-23 bulan, berat badan lahir < 2.500 gram, panjang badan lahir < 48 cm, tinggi badan ibu < 150 cm di wilayah perdesaan dan perkotaan serta kunjungan ANC ibu < 6 kali di wilayah perkotaan. Faktor dominan yang berhubungan dengan stunting di perdesaan dan perkotaan adalah berat badan lahir.
Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem characterized by impaired linear growth, measured by length or height for age below -2 standard deviations based on WHO child growth standards. Stunting is directly caused by inadequate nutritional intake and recurrent infectious diseases, especially during the first 1000 days of life. Stunting can increase child morbidity and mortality, hinder cognitive development, raise the risk of non-communicable diseases in adulthood, and reduce work capacity. The prevalence of stunting in West Nusa Tenggara Province (32.7%) ranks fourth highest in Indonesia based on the 2022 Indonesian Nutritional Status Survey (SSGI). This study aims to analyze the determinants of stunting in children aged 6-23 months in rural and urban areas of West Nusa Tenggara Province. The research design used is cross-sectional with 858 samples obtained through total sampling based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data used are secondary data from the 2022 SSGI. Independent variables include child, family, and environmental factors. Bivariate analysis was conducted using the chi-square test and multivariate analysis using a multiple logistic regression model. The results showed the proportion of stunting in children aged 6-23 months was 27.2% in rural areas and 28.2% in urban areas. The proportion of children with incomplete immunization status, low paternal and maternal education, fewer than six ANC visits, maternal anemia during pregnancy, food insecurity, and inadequate drinking water and sanitation were higher in rural areas. Conversely, the proportion of children with a history of not receiving early initiation of breastfeeding (IMD), not being exclusively breastfed, early introduction of complementary foods (<6 months), respiratory infections, pneumonia, and pulmonary tuberculosis was higher in urban areas. Stunting was more prevalent among children aged 11-23 months, with birth weights <2,500 grams, birth lengths <48 cm, and maternal heights <150 cm in both rural and urban areas, as well as among those whose mothers had fewer than six ANC visits in urban areas. The dominant factor associated with stunting in both rural and urban areas was birth weight.