Disabilitas serta keterbatasan aktivitas dasar dan instrumental kehidupan sehari-hari pada lansia merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang berdampak pada penurunan kualitas hidup, meningkatnya ketergantungan, serta beban pelayanan kesehatan dan sosial. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis determinan disabilitas serta keterbatasan aktivitas dasar dan instrumental kehidupan sehari-hari pada lansia di Indonesia. Penelitian menggunakan desain cross-sectional dengan data sekunder Indonesia Longitudinal Aging Survey (ILAS) tahun 2023 pada 1.743 lansia usia ≥60 tahun yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Variabel dependen meliputi disabilitas, keterbatasan aktivitas dasar, dan keterbatasan aktivitas instrumental kehidupan sehari-hari, sedangkan variabel independen mencakup faktor sosiodemografi, kesehatan, perilaku kesehatan, akses layanan kesehatan, dan sosial. Analisis dilakukan secara deskriptif, bivariat menggunakan uji chi-square, dan multivariat menggunakan regresi logistik dengan tingkat kemaknaan 95%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan prevalensi disabilitas sebesar 29,6%, keterbatasan aktivitas dasar kehidupan sehari-hari sebesar 17,3%, dan keterbatasan aktivitas instrumental kehidupan sehari-hari sebesar 81,4%. Sekitar tiga dari sepuluh lansia mengalami disabilitas pada setidaknya satu domain, dengan pola keterbatasan aktivitas instrumental yang lebih tinggi dibanding aktivitas dasar. Determinan disabilitas meliputi faktor sosiodemografi, kesehatan, dan sosial, di mana lansia usia ≥80 tahun memiliki peluang mengalami disabilitas 3,25 kali dibandingkan usia 60–69 tahun (aOR=3,25; 95%CI: 2,10–5,00), sedangkan partisipasi sosial rendah meningkatkan peluang sebesar 1,97 kali (aOR=1,97; 95%CI: 1,50–2,58). Keterbatasan aktivitas dasar berhubungan dengan faktor sosiodemografi, kesehatan, dan sosial, sementara keterbatasan aktivitas instrumental juga dipengaruhi pendidikan, pendapatan, status gizi, dan jenis kelamin. Hasil ini menunjukkan perlunya penguatan upaya promotif dan preventif melalui deteksi dini penurunan fungsi, pengendalian penyakit kronis, peningkatan partisipasi sosial, serta pemeliharaan fungsi fisik dan kognitif untuk mempertahankan kemandirian lansia.

Disability and limitations in basic and instrumental activities of daily living among older adults are public health concerns associated with reduced quality of life, increased dependency, and greater health and social care burden. This study aimed to analyze the determinants of disability and limitations in basic and instrumental activities of daily living among older adults in Indonesia. A cross-sectional study was conducted using secondary data from the Indonesia Longitudinal Aging Survey (ILAS) 2023 involving 1,743 older adults aged ≥60 years who met the inclusion criteria. The dependent variables included disability, limitations in basic activities of daily living, and limitations in instrumental activities of daily living, while the independent variables comprised sociodemographic, health, health behavior, healthcare access, and social factors. Data were analyzed descriptively, bivariately using the chi-square test, and multivariately using logistic regression with a 95% confidence level. The results showed a prevalence of disability of 29.6%, limitations in basic activities of daily living of 17.3%, and limitations in instrumental activities of daily living of 81.4%. Approximately three in ten older adults experienced disability in at least one domain, with a higher pattern of limitations in instrumental activities compared with basic activities. Determinants of disability included sociodemographic, health, and social factors, in which older adults aged ≥80 years had 3.25 times higher odds of disability than those aged 60–69 years (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR]=3.25; 95%CI: 2.10–5.00), while low social participation increased the odds by 1.97 times (aOR=1.97; 95%CI: 1.50–2.58). Limitations in basic activities of daily living were associated with sociodemographic, health, and social factors, whereas limitations in instrumental activities of daily living were additionally influenced by education, income, nutritional status, and sex. These findings highlight the need to strengthen promotive and preventive efforts through early detection of functional decline, chronic disease management, increased social participation, and maintenance of physical and cognitive function to preserve independence among older adults.