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ABSTRAK
ISPA merupakan penyebab utama kematian pada bayi dan anak balita didunia,khususnya di negara berkembang. Kematian tersebut diperkirakan 2-5 juta setiaptahunnya. Di Indonesia prevalensi ISPA masih tinggi yaitu 25,5% menurut hasilRiset Kesehatan Dasar tahun 2007. Faktor utama penyebab ISPA adalah polusiudara dalam ruangan yang umumnya berasal dari hasil pembakaran bahan bakarbiomass, batu bara, dan minyak tanah yang digunakan rumah tangga untukmemasak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh jenis bahan bakardan tempat memasak rumah tangga terhadap kejadian ISPA pada balita dipedesaan Indonesia tahun 2007 setelah dikontrol seluruh confounding. Desainstudi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah cross sectional analysis denganmenggunakan data SDKI 2007. Analisis penelitian melakukan pembobotansehingga peneliti menggunakan analisis complex design survey dengan populasisumber berasal dari 33 propinsi di Indonesia, yaitu sebanyak 7.602 responden.Hasil analisis didapatkan prevalensi ISPA pada balita sebesar 12,0%. Jenis bahanbakar memasak berisiko 1,459 kali (CI 95%: 1,011-2,105) terhadap kejadianISPA pada balita dengan p value: 0,047 (ada hubungan yang signifikan). Jeniskelamin anak, status imunisasi BCG, lama pemberian ASI, berat badan lahir anak,pemberian vitamin A, pendidikan ibu, pekerjaan ibu, dan tingkat kesejahteraankeluarga merupakan variabel covariat yang berpengaruh secara signifikanterhadap kejadian ISPA pada balita dengan p value < 0,05. Analisis multivariatCox Regression didapatkan balita yang tinggal pada polusi dapur rumah tanggatinggi polusi berisiko 1,217 kali (CI 95%: 0,767-1,931) untuk menderita ISPAsetelah dikontrol variabel covariat. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini disarankanpada masyarakat untuk memasak yang menggunakan bahan bakar high pollutandalam rumah agar memperhatikan sirkulasi udara pada tempat memasak dan bagipemerintah agar dapat memberikan KIE tentang pengendalian polusi udara dalamruangan.
ABSTRACT
ARI is the leading cause of death in infants and children under five in the world,particularly in developing countries. The estimated 2-5 million deaths annually.ARI prevalence in Indonesia is still high at 25.5% according to the results of the2007 Basic Health Research. ARI is the main factor causing indoor air pollution,primarily from the burning of biomass fuels, coal, and kerosene are used byhouseholds for cooking. This study aimed to determine the effect of cooking fueltype and household kitchen of ARI events in children under five years in ruralIndonesia in 2007 after a controlled throughout confounding. Study design used inthis study is cross-sectional analysis using data from Demographic and HealthSurvey 2007. Analysis of the research done so that investigators use a weightedanalysis of complex survey design with source populations from 33 provinces inIndonesian, as many as 7,602 respondents. Analysis we found the prevalence ofARI in children under five years are 12.0%. Type of cooking fuel have risk 1.459times (95% CI: 1.011 to 2.105) of ARI Events In Children Under Five Years witha p value: 0.047 (no significant relationship). Sex of the child, BCG immunizationstatus, duration of breastfeeding, birth weight children, vitamin A, maternaleducation, maternal employment, and family welfare is covariat variables thatsignificantly affect the incidence of respiratory infection in childrens with p value<0.05 . Multivariate Cox Regression analysis found that childrens living in thehousehold kitchen high pollution have risk 1.217 times (95% CI: 0.767 to 1.931)of ARI Events In Children Under Five Years after controlling for covariatvariables. Based on the results of this study suggested that people use for cookingfuel high pollutants in the house to pay attention to air circulation on a place tocook and for the government to provide IEC about controlling indoor airpollution.
Pada dua tahun terakhir terjadi peningkatan angka insidens dari 42,46 menjadi 58,22 per-10.000 penduduk di Kota Tanjungpinang, dengan rata-rata ABJ di bawah target nasional (73,89% dan 59,89%). Hai ini disebabkan rendahnya curah hujan dan prosentase hari hujan yang kecil (2,60 % tahun 2001), dampaknya masyarakat menampung air memakai TPA. Untuk mengetahui ini dilaksanakan penelitian tentang "Pengaruh Jenis Bahan dan Letak TPA terhadap Kepadatan Jentik Aedes ".Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimen lapangan dengan rancangan blok. Populasi adalah semua tempat penampungan air yang digunakan sehari-hari oleh masyarakat Kelurahan Tanjungpinang Timur, sedangkan sampel adalah 90 TPA yang terbuat dan plastik, seng, semen yang diletakkan di dalam dan di luar rumah penelitian pada 5 rumah permanen, 5 rumah non-permanen, 5 rumah semi-permanen.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada pengaruh jenis bahan TPA terhadap kepadatan jentik Aedes (p = 0,00), sedangkan letak TPA dan tipe rumah tidak signifikan (p = 0,09 dan p = 0,11).Jadi dapat disimpulkan bahwa kepadatan jentik Aedes tertinggi ditemukan pada TPA yang terbuat dari semen, sehingga perlu disarankan agar semen menjadi fokus perhatian yang dipertimbangkan dalam perencanaan program DBD, serta penggunaan seng perlu dikaji lebih jauh dari aspek efisiensi dan efektifitas bagi masyarakat Kota Tanjung Pinang.
The Influence of Material Types and the Location of Water Storage Tank Placement (WSTP) to the Density of Aedes Vector in Kelurahan Tanjungpinang TimurIn the last two years, the number of dengue incidences has increased from 42.46 to 58.22 per 10.000, with the average of ABJ was below the national target (73.89 % and 59.89 %)_ This was caused by the lack of rainfall and the small percentage of rainy days (2.6 % in year 2001), which made people to retain the water by using WSTP . This research was carried out to know The Influence of Material Types and Location of WSTP to The Density of Aedes Vector.The research was an experimental study by using block design. The population was all daily used water storages by the people in Kelurahan Tanjungpinang Timur, while the samples were 90 WSTP which made of plastic, zinc, or cement that were placed inside or outside the house of 5 permanent houses, 5 non permanent houses, and 5 semi permanent houses.The result of the study showed that there was relationship between WSTP material types and the density of Aedes factor (pi,00), whereas the placement of WSTP and types of houses were not significant (p,09 and p0, l 1).As the conclusion, the highest density of Aedes vector was found in the WSTP that made of cement Therefore, cement water storage should be the considering focus in DBD program planning, and the use of zinc needs to be studied thoroughly from the aspect of effeciency and efficacy to the people of Kota Tanjungpinang.
Ketidakseimbangan gizi pada 1000 hari pertama kehidupan anak atau malnutrisi dapat menyebabkan terganggunya perkembangan dan pertumbuhan anak. Infeksi penyakit, wilayah tempat tinggal, sanitasi yang buruk dan keterbatasan akses air minum merupakan salah satu faktor yang berkontribusi dalam meningkatkan malnutrisi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis malnutrisi dengan pendekatan spasial (by place) dan statistik dengan menggunakan data sekunder SKI 2023. Variabel dependen meliputi malnutrisi balita (stunting, wasting dan underweight). Variabel independen yaitu penyakit infeksi balita (ISPA, pneumonia, dan diare) dan faktor lingkungan rumah tangga (akses air minum, sumber air minum, sanitasi rumah tangga, higiene dasar, rumah layak huni). Analisis dalam penelitian ini menggunakan uji korelasi spearman/pearson dan pemetaan menggunakan Quantum GIS versi 3.38.2. Diare berkorelasi sedang dengan malnutrisi. Akses air minum (lama waktu >30 menit), sanitasi belum layak, tidak ada higiene dasar, dan rumah layak huni berkorelasi kuat dengan stunting. Sumber air minum air permukaan berkorelasi kuat dengan stunting, wasting, dan underweight. Papua Pegunungan, Papua Tengah, Papua Selatan, Nusa Tenggara Timur, dan Papua Barat merupakan wilayah dengan tingkat kerawanan malnutrisi tertinggi. Perlu adanya intervensi multisektoral untuk menangani malnutrisi di Indonesia.
Nutritional imbalance during the first 1,000 days of life has been shown to significantly impair a child’s growth and development. Various factors such as infectious diseases, geographic location, inadequate sanitation, and limited access to safe drinking water contribute to the prevalence of malnutrition among children. This study aimed to analyze child malnutrition in Indonesia using a spatial and statistical approach, based on secondary data from the 2023 Indonesia Health Survey (SKI). The dependent variables were the three main indicators of child malnutrition: stunting, wasting, and underweight. Independent variables included infectious diseases in children (acute respiratory infections, pneumonia, and diarrhea) and household environmental factors (access to drinking water, water source, household sanitation, basic hygiene, and adequacy of housing conditions). Analytical methods included Spearman’s or Pearson’s correlation tests and spatial mapping using Quantum GIS version 3.38.2. The results indicated that diarrhea was moderately correlated with malnutrition, while prolonged access to drinking water (>30 minutes), unimproved sanitation, absence of basic hygiene facilities, and inadequate housing showed strong correlations with stunting. Furthermore, the use of surface water sources was strongly associated with all three malnutrition indicators: stunting, wasting, and underweight. The most vulnerable regions identified were Highland Papua, Central Papua, South Papua, East Nusa Tenggara, and Southwest Papua. These findings underscore the urgent need for integrated, multisectoral interventions targeting nutrition, infectious disease prevention, and improvements in basic household infrastructure.
It is estimated that about 73% of neonatal mortalities occur in the early neonatal period. Commonly, the cause of early neonatal mortalities could be prevented and treated in newborns, one of the approach is by giving birth with skilled birth attendants. However, previous studies reported inconsistent results regarding the association between place and birth attendant on early neonatal mortality. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of place and birth attendants (health facility birth, home birth with skilled birth attendants, and home birth without skilled birth attendants) on early neonatal mortality in Indonesia. The study used a cross-sectional design and analyzed 2007, 2012, and 2017 IDHS data. The samples were all respondents/women of reproductive age who gave birth to their last live-born baby. The results of the study found that the early neonatal mortality rate was 8.40 per 1000 live births. Delivery at the health facility, or at home with skilled birth attendants, did not reduce early neonatal mortality compared to delivery at home without skilled birth attendants. The association for delivery at health facility was 1.95 (95% CI 0.83-4.51), while delivery at home with skilled birth attendants was 1.97 (95% CI 0.99-3.90). Efforts to reduce early neonatal mortality need to consider planned referrals, the quality of health facilities, the competency of health workers, also synergies with other programs such as prenatal and postnatal checks
Kata kunci: Pedesaan, Perilaku Seksual Remaja, Perkotaan.
ABSTRAK
BBLR merupakan indikator multidimensi yang penting untuk mengukur masalah kesehatan di masyarakat. Di Indonesia, prevalensi BBLR mengalami penurunan yang lambat padahal BBLR memberi beban ekonomi yang tinggi bagi negara. Komplikasi kehamilan dianggap sebagai determinan penting terjadinya BBLR di negara berkembang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh komplikasi kehamilan terhadap kejadian BBLR pada anak terakhir yang lahir hidup di Indonesia tahun 2007 setelah dikontrol seluruh confounding. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional seperti desain sumber data SDKI 2007. Populasi sumber penelitian ini diambil dari 33 provinsi yang diambil dengan metode stratified two stage cluster sampling, sehingga peneliti melakukan analisis Complex sampling. Study participants dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 9.339 responden (11.839 responden sebelum dilakukan pembobotan).
Hasil analisis
diketahui prevalensi BBLR sebesar 5,3%, prevalensi komplikasi kehamilan 11,5% (1,3% mules sebelum 9 bulan, 2,2% perdarahan, 0,6% demam tinggi, 0,1% kejang dan pingsan, 5,8% komplikasi lainnya, dan 1,2% mengalami lebih dari 1 komplikasi kehamilan), dan prevalensi BBLR pada ibu yang mengalami komplikasi kehamilan sebesar 11,5%. Analisis multivariat Logistic regression didapatkan adanya peningkatan PR komplikasi kehamilan terhadap BBLR sebesar 3,184 (CI 95% 1,058 - 4,112) setelah dikontrol variabel confounder umur ibu saat melahirkan, jarak kelahiran, status paritas, riwayat BBLR, pendidikan ibu, tempat tinggal, lahir kembar dan jumlah kunjungan ANC serta mempertimbangkan interaksi antara komplikasi kehamilan dengan status paritas. Jenis komplikasi kehamilan yang paling mempengaruhi terjadinya BBLR adalah demam yang tinggi (POR 6,098 CI 95% 0,4206 ? 7,3606), mules sebelum 9 bulan (POR 5,113 CI 95% 0,22984 ? 6,05784).
ABSTRACT
Low birth weight is an important indicator to measure multidimensional health problems in the community. In Indonesia, the prevalence of low birth weight decreased slowly while LBW become a high economic burden for the country. Complications of pregnancy considered as an important determinant of the LBW in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the effect of pregnancy complications to LBW in Indonesia on 2007 after controlling all confounders. This study use cross-sectional design as the data source IDHS 2007. The source population of this study were taken from 33 provinces which drawn with a two-stage stratified cluster sampling, so the researchers conducted an analysis Complex sampling to prevent bias. Study participants in this study were 9.339 respondents (11.839 respondents prior to weighting).
Results of analysis
show LBW prevalence was 5.6%, 11.5% prevalence of pregnancy complications (1.3% abdominal contraction before 9 months, 2.2% bleeding, 0.6% of high fever, 0.1% seizures and fainting, 5,8% other complications, and 1.2% had more than one pregnancy complication), and 11.5% LBW in women with pregnancy complications. Pregnancy complications were associated with low birth weight. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that pregnancy complications women were 34 times more likely to delivered LBW (POR 2,507, 95% CI 1,982-3,173). LBW also associated with maternal age, birth interval, previous abortion, maternal education, wealth index, twins and antenatal visit. Types of pregnancy complications that mostly affecting the LBW are high fever (POR 6,098 CI 95% 0,4206 ? 7,3606), abdominal contraction before 9 months (POR 5,113 CI 95% 0,22984 ? 6,05784).
