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Bayi umur 4 - 6 bulan mulai mendapatkan makanan pendamping ASI (MP-AS1) secara bertahap, disamping masih tetap mendapat ASI. Pada masa ini kekebalan anak yang didapat secara pasif dari ibunya mulai menurun, sementara bayi mulai mendapatkan makanan yang kurang mencukupi dari kebutuhannya. Beberapa basil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa prevalensi KEP pada bayi lebib dari 15% berdasarkan indeks status gizi (BB/U). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa masalah gizi pada bayi merupakan hal yang serius yang perlu segera ditangani.Penelitian ini menganalisis data sekunder dari Penelitian " Pola menyusui, Usia penyapihan dan Pemberian MP-ASI dalam Kaitannya dengan Status Gizi Batita (6 - 36 bulan) Di Kecamatan Pedamaran Kabupaten Ogan Komering Mir Sumatera Selatan Tabun 2001". Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh tentang kekuatan hubungan umur pertama kali pemberian MP-ASI dengan status gizi bayi. Pada penelitian ini desain yang digunakan adalah cross sectional (potong lintang). Sampel adalah bayi umur 6 - 12 bulan yang mendapatkan ASI. Analisis yang digunakan adalah univariat, bivariat dan multivariat_Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa prevalensi KEP sebesar 20,7%, rata-rata umur pemberian MP-ASI 3,8 bulan, sedangakan bayi yang diberi MP-ASI < 4 bulan sebesar 31,0%. Asupan energi dari rata-rata 764 kkal sedangkan asupan protein 16 gr. Dari basil analisis multivari.at didapatkan adanya hubungan yang bermakna antara umur pertama kali pemberian MP-ASI dengan status gizi bayi umur 6 - 12 bulan. Bayi yang mendapatkan MP-ASI pada umur < 4 bulan kemungkinan akan mengalami risiko gizi kurang 5,2251 kali dibandingkan dengan bayi yang mendapatkan MP-ASI pads mnur 4 - 6 bulan setelah dikontrol oleh asupan energi. Ternyata asupan energi berperan sebagai confounder, atau mempunyai pengaruh dalam meningkatkan hubungan umur pertama kali pemberian MP-ASI dengan status gizi bayi.Untuk meningkatkan status gizi bayi maka perlu dilakukan peningkatan pelaksanaan monitoring pertumbuhan melalui kegiatan UPGK di posyandu, selain itu kepada ibu menyusui hams diupayakan untuk tidak memberikan makanan prelakteal dan memberikan MP-ASI dini, karena bila sudah mendapat makanan prelakteal dan IvfP-ASI yang diberikan pada umur < 4 bulan bisa merugikan bayi. Petugas kesehatan berperan penting dalam memberikan pendidikan/konseling terhadap ibu hamil tentang manajemen laktasi. Agar bayi dapat memenuhi kebutuhan gizinya perlu dikembangkan makanan lokal melalui pelatihan pembuatan makanan lokal yang memenuhi syarat gizi dan cita rasa.
The Relationship between the First Age of Introducing Complementary Feeding with Nutritional Status of Babies aged 6 - 12 Months at Pedamaran Subdistrict Ogan Komering Ilir District South Sumatera in 2001Babies aged 6 -12 months begins to get complemernary feeding gradually while still breast feeded. In this age, baby immunity which was received passively from his mother decreases, while he begins to receive an inadequate food. Several researches show that protein energy malnutrition (PEM) prevalence to babies is more than 15% based on nutritional status index (Weight/Age). This shows that baby nutrition remains serious matter to overcome.The research analyzes secondary data obtained from the previous research titled "Breast feeding pattern, weaning age and complementary feeding in relation to the nutrition status of baby under three years ( 6 - 36 months) at Pedamaran Subdistrict, Ogan Komering Ilir District, South Sumatera in 2001". This research purpose is to obtain the relational strength between the first age of introducing complementary feeding and nutritional status of babies 6 - 12 months. This research uses cross sectional design, through univariat, bivariat, and multivariate analyses. Samples are baby aged 6 - 12 months who received Breast milkThe research result shows that Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) prevalence is 20,7%, mean of ages introducing complementary feeding is 3,8 months, mean of babies of age of introducing complementary feeding < 4 months is 31,0%, mean of energy intake is 764 kkal, and mean of protein intake is 16 gr. Multivariate analysis shows that there is significant relationship between first age of introducing complementary feeding and nutritional status of infant age 6 -12 months. Babies who received complementary feeding <4 months possible might experience with under nutrition (Weight/Age) risk more than 5,2251 than babies who received complementary feeding at 4 - 6 months of age after controlled by energy intake. Apparently, energy intake plays as confounder role, or has influence to increase the relationship between first age of complementary feeding and nutritional status of infants.In order to improve baby nutritional status, there should be monitoring improvement through UPGK program at Posyandu. In addition, mother is expected not to administer prelacteal food and able to administer exclusive breast-feeding, because babies given prelacteal and administered of introducing complementary feeding at the age <4 months, they will be harmful. On the other hand there should be information given both to health officers and pregnant mothers about lactation management . In order to baby nutrient necessity, there should be it needs local/ordinary foods development through the training of local food production which fulfills nutrition condition and flavor.
Indonesia has targeted a reduction in stunting prevalence to 14,2% in 2029. However, this effort still faces major challenges such as the complexity of the double burden of malnutrition and suboptimal feeding practices during the first 1000 days of life. At individual level, a child can experience more than one malnutrition problem at once, which called the double burden of malnutrition. Limited studies have examined the double burden of malnutrition at individual level in Indonesia. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the association of complementary feeding practices and the double burden of malnutrition among children aged 6-23 months in Indonesia. This was a cross-sectional study using secondary data from the 2022 Indonesia Nutritional Status Survey. The double burden of malnutrition was assessed in forms of coexisting stunting-wasting and stunting-overweight, while complementary feeding practices was measured based on WHO and UNICEF IYCF indicators. A total of 69.884 children were analyzed for stunting-wasting and 72.158 children for stunting-overweight after meeting data completeness and no extreme values. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to estimated asjusted prevalence odds ratio (aPOR). This study found the prevalence of stunting-wasting and stunting-overweight was 2.7% and 0.7%, respectively. Among the children, 50.9% met the minimum dietary diversity (MDD), 83.5% met the minimum meal frequency (MMF), 45.3% met the minimum acceptable diet (MAD), 72.5% consumed eggs and flesh foods (EFF), 24.9% consumed sweet beverages (SwB), and 21.6% had zero consumption of fruits and vegetables (ZVF). SwB and ZVF indicators were significantly associated with both forms of the double burden of malnutrition. Children who did not consume sweet beverages had a 10% lower risk of stunting-wasting (aPOR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.81–0.996) and a 31% lower risk of stunting-overweight (aPOR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.57–0.84) compared to children who consume sweet beverages. Meanwhile, children who consumed fruits and vegetables had a 20% lower risk of stunting-wasting (aPOR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.71–0.90) and a 29% lower risk of stunting-overweight (aPOR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.57–0.89) than those with zero intake of fruits and vegetables. These findings highlight the importance of improving the diversity and quality of foods provided in government programs, along with strengthening nutrition education and sweet beverages nutrition labeling policies to prevent the double burden of malnutrition among children.
Kata Kunci : ASI eksklusif, gizi buruk (BB/U), anak usia 6-35 bulan
Indonesia has a nutritional problem is characterized by the magnitude of theprevalence of malnutrition among children under five. Malnutrition in childrenfrom birth to age three years will greatly affect the growth and development ofglial cells and brain myelination process, and therefore contributes to the qualityof his brain. In Karawang district proportion malnutrition (weight / age) infantsweighing in July 2013 was approximately 0.4 % , and 35.76 % of that number ischildren aged 6-35 months. The purpose of this study was to determine therelation of exclusive breastfeeding history with severe malnutrition status(weight/age) children aged 6-35 months in Karawang district in 2013 after beingcontrolled by the variable birth weight, child 's health status, dietary intake,maternal education, knowledge mother, maternal employment status, familyincome, number of family members and liveliness visit the neighborhood healthcenter. This study was conducted in August 2013 in Karawang district using case-control design. Cases were children aged 6-35 months in Karawang measuredweight on the weighing in July 2013 and have severe nutritional status (weight /age) and controls were children aged 6-35 months in Karawang measured weightonthe weighing in July 2013 and had a good nutritional status. In this study a totalsample of 276 (138 cases and 138 controls). Data were analyzed by multiplelogistic regression. The results showed a relation of exclusive breastfeedinghistory with severe malnutrition status (weight/age) children aged 6-35 months inKarawang districtin 2013. Children aged 6-35 months who had a history ofexclusive breastfeeding risk 0.26 times (95% CI 0,12-0,55) exposed to severemalnutrition (weight/age) compared with no history of exclusive breastfeedingafter controlled by food intake, maternal knowledge, and liveliness visit theneighborhood health center. History of exclusive breastfeeding decrease the riskof severe malnutrition (weight/age) in children aged 6-35 months in Karawangdistrict in 2013 by 74%.Efforts to prevent malnutrition in infants one of which isthe exclusive breastfeeding.Necessary of increases the health promotion ofexclusive breastfeeding with good and correct way to the target group effectivelyin order to get a good nutritional status.
Keyword : Exclusive breastfeeding, severe malnutrition status, childrenaged 6-35 months
Infeksi Saluran Pernafasan Akut (ISPA) terutama pneumonia merupakan penyebab utama kesakitan dan kematian pada bayi dan anak balita di negara berkembang termasuk Indonesia. Dari 15 juta kematian yang diperkirakan terjadi dikalangan anak di bawah usia lima tahun (balita) setiap tahun di negara berkembang, kira-kira 4 juta kematian (26,6 %) disebabkan oleh penyakit ISPA terutama pneumonia. Di Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ilir penyakit pneumonia masih menjadi masalah kesehatan dimana dari data prosentase sepuluh penyebab kematian balita sebesar 30 % menempati urutan teratas.Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian pneumonia balita dalam wilayah Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ilir tahun 2002. Studi ini menggunakan desain kasus-kontrol. Kasus adalah balita yang menderita radang paru ditetapkan berdasarkan kriteria diagnosis Puskesmas yang di dalam registernya dinyatakan sebagai penderita pneumonia, sedangkan kontrol adalah anak balita yang bertempat tinggal dalam satu kelurahan/desa dengan tempat tinggal kasus. Data diperoleh dari wawancara dengan menggunakan kuesioner pada ibu balita dan dilakukan observasi dengan cara pengukuran dan pengamatan untuk mendapatkan data kepadatan rumah dan keadaan ventilasi. Analisis data meliputi analisis univariat, bivariat dan multivariat.Hasil akhir uji multivariat menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang bermakna antara ventilasi hunian OR=4,21 (95 % CI: 2,0-8,6) p=0,000, riwayat pemberian vitamin A OR=4,14 (95 % Cl: 2,4-7,0) p=0,000 kepadatan hunian 0R=3,41 (95 % CI: 2,0-5,6) p=0,000, adanya perokok dalam keluarga OR= 2,97 (95 % CI:1,6-5,2) F0,000, imunisasi campak OR-2,21 (95 % CI: 1,3-3,6) p=0,002, dengan kejadian pneumonia pada balita.Dari hasil penelitian ini disarankan agar pemberian vitamin A secara gratis setiap bulan Februari dan Agustus diantarkan langsung oleh kader ke rumah balita, bukan ibu balita yang mengambil kerumah kader/kepala desa. Mengadakan penyuluhan kesehatan masyarakat mengenai pengaruh buruk rokok terhadap kesehatan balita, manfaat imunisasi campak dalam rangka untuk mencegah terjadinya pneumonia pada balita. Kerja sama lintas sektoral dengan Dinas Pekerjaan umum dalam rangka memperbaiki kualitas lingkungan perumahan terutama mengenai ventilasi hunian yang memenuhi syarat kesehatan dan kepadatan hunian.
Acute respiratory infection especially pneumonia, is the number one cause of mortality and morbidity of infant and children in developing countries included Indonesia. U the developing countries, about 4 millions out of 15 millions under five deaths every year are due to acute respiratory tract infection. In Ogan Komering Ilir district, pneumonia is still a major health problem and also a number one rank among ten cause of children under five years morbidity rate with 33 %.The aim of this study is to investigate factors related to pneumonia incidence in children under five years in Ogan Komering Ilir district in 20002. Design of this study is case control. The case is under-five with pneumonia that diagnosed by Puskesmas noted as pneumonia in the register book and the control is under-five children live in the same house crowdedness and ventilation condition. Data were analyzed by univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis.Multivariate analysis show five independent variable that related to pneumonia incidence in under-five children, that is ventilation condition OR 4.21 (95 % CI: 20-8.6) p=0.0000, vitamin A consumption history OR 4.14 (95 % CI: 2.4-7.0) p=0.0000, housing crowdedness OR 3.41 (95% CI: 2.0-5.6) p=0.0000, smokers among family OR 2.97 (95% Cl: 1.6-5.2) p= 0.0000, and measles immunization OR 2.21 (95% CI: I.3-3.6) p=0.0002.Based on the research, it is suggested that free vitamin A distributed on February and August could be dropped directly to under-five children's mothers instead of picked up by under-five children's mothers to cadres of village's house. Health promotion program about smoking adverse effect to under-five children health and measles immunization advantages to prevent pneumonia incidence in under-five children should be conducted in the community. Inter-sector's coordination with the Dinas Pekerjaan Umum should be implemented in order to improve quality of housing environment especially healthy and crowdedness.