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Berkembangnya sektor industri di negara kita, selain memberikan dampak positif juga memberikan dampak negatif terutama terhadap lingkungan berupa pencemaran air karena merkuri. Salah satu kota yang berpotensi mengalami pencemaran air adalah Kota Pontianak. Hal ini disebabkan antara lain karena Kota Pontianak merupakan salah satu lokasi penambangan emas.Polutan merkuri di Pulau Kalimantan diperkirakan sebesar 61 ton setiap tahunnya untuk kegiatan penambangan emas skala kecil dan berdasarkan hasil penelitian dari Universitas Tanjungpura pada Bulan Agustus 2000 diketahui bahwa kandungan merkuri di sepanjang Sungai Kapuas dan anak-anak sungainya, serta pada biota sungai (beberapa jenis ikan), dan pada contoh air PDAM telah melebihi ambang batas. Pencemaran tersebut perlu ditangani serius karena Sungai Kapuas sampai saat ini berfungsi sebagai bahan baku Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (PDAM) Kota Pontianak.Penelitian bertujuan untuk mendapatkan informasi mengenai besarnya pajanan merkuri dalam rambut masyarakat Kota Pontianak. Disamping itu untuk mempelajari hubungan karakteristik responden (umur, jenis kelamin, pekerjaan, dan lama tinggal) serta kebiasaan makan ikan dengan kadar merkuri dalam rambut.Penelitian ini merupakan analisis data sekunder dari hasil studi Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Kalimantan Barat dan Direktorat Penyehatan Air Ditjen P2M & PL tahun 2000, dengan rancangan Cross Sectional, populasi adalah masyarakat Kota Pontianak pelanggan PDAM. Sampel adalah kepala keluarga / anggota keluarga; umur minimal 15 tahun; tinggal minimal 1 tahun: bersedia diambil sampel rambut dan urin yang diambil dengan metode klaster sebanvak 240 responden.Hasil penelitian menunjukan rata-rata kadar merkuri dalam rambut responden 0,9512 µg,/g (95% CI: 0,4534-1,4490), median 0,2900 µg/g, modus 0,00: µg/g, kadar merkuri terendah 0,00 µg/g dan tertinggi 52,57 µg/g. Sebaran kadar merkuri dalam rambut vaitu sebanvak 79 orang mempunyai kadar merkuri antara 0,00-0,09 µg/g 26 orang > 1,47 µg/g, dan sisanya adalah 0,10-1,30 µg/g.Pada kelompok usia 25 - 34 tahun mempunyai proporsi masyarakat yang rambutnya mengandung merkuri lebih besar dibandingkan dengan kelompok umur lainnya. Responden yang frekuensi makan ikan setiap hari memiliki proporsi masyarakat yang rambutuva mengandung merkuri lebih besar dibandingkan dengan kelompok frekuensi makan ikan lainnva. Tidak ada hubungan antara jenis kelamin, pekerjaan, dan lama tinggal di Pontianak dengan kadar merkuri dalam rambut.Melihat kecenderungan peningkatan pencemaran air karena merkuri, maka perlu ditingkatkan kerjasama Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Kalimantan Barat dengan sektor terkait, melakukan sosialisi / penyuluhan kepada masyarakat tentang bahaya akibat pencemaran merkuri, pemeriksaan kadar merkuri secara berkala baik pada air sungai dan ikannya maupun hasil laut, perlu teknologi altematif yang lebih tepat.Perlu dilakukan penelitian yang serupa pada ?kelompok risiko tinggi? yang dilengkapi dengan mengetahui banvaknya ikan yang dikonsumsi setiap hari (beral) serta pemeriksaan kadar merkuri yang terkandung didalamnva. Metoda lain adalah dengan cara melakukan pemeriksaan kadar merkuri dalam rambut responden sentimeter per sentimeter karena setiap sentimeter helai rambut dapat disamakan dengan kira-kira 1 bulan pemajanan.
The development of industrial sector in Indonesia, beside its positive impacts, also generates negative impacts on environment such as mercury pollution in water. Pontianak City is one potential area to be polluted by mercury because, among others, Pontianak City is gold mining location.Mercury as pollutant in Kalimantan Island was predicted to be present as many as 61 tones each year for small-scale gold mining activity. Study by Tanjungpura University in August 2000 indicated that mercury level along the Kapuas River and its small canals, and in river biotic (several types of fish), as well as in PDAM (Local Office of Drinking Water) water supply had exceeded the accepted limit. This pollution needs to be seriously handled because Kapuas River is main water provider for PDAM of Pontianak City.This study aims to obtain information on the magnitude of mercury exposure measured in hair mercury level among community of Pontianak City and to understand the relationship between respondent's characteristics (age, sex, working status/job, and length of stay) and fish eating habit with hair mercury level. This study was secondary data analysis from the primary study by Health Office of West Kalimantan and Directorate of Water Hygiene year 2000, employed a cross-sectional design, with community members subscribed to PDAM as population. 240 sample was chosen using cluster method, head/member of a family, minimum age of 15 years old, stay at least 1 year, and willing to participate in hair and urine tests.The results showed that the average mercury level in hair was 0.9512 µg/g (95 % Cl: 0,4534-1,4490), median 0.2900 µg/g, the lowest mercury level was 0.00 µg/g and the highest was 52.57µg/g. The distribution of hair mercury level was 79 respondents had 0,00-0,09 µg/g, 26 respondents had > 1,47 µg/g and the rest had 0,10-1,30 µg/g mercury level.The age group of 25-34 years old had greater proportion of respondents with higher level of hair mercury compared to other age ranges. Respondents who eat fish daily had higher proportion of high hair mercury level compared to other frequency of fish eating.There is no relationship between sex, working status / job, and length of stay in Pontianak with hair mercury level.Observing the increasing trend of water mercury pollution, the collaboration between Health Office of West Kalimantan and other related sectors needs to be improved, as to provide socialization / education to the community members on the dangers of mercury pollution, routine mercury level check both in the river and fish:, and needs more appropriate alternative technology.There is a need to conduct similar research among "the high risk group" including the documentation on how many fish eaten daily (in weight) as well as checking its mercury content. Other method is by examining mercury level in hair centimeter by centimeter because each centimeter of hair shaft equals to a month exposure.
Kata kunci: Merkuri, Gangguan Saraf, Pekerja
Research into the analysis of mercury levels in hair with impaired central nervous system function for gold mining workers, was conducted to provide a reference to the impact of mercury use and its prevention for public health. The method in this research use cross sectional design. This research used secondary data from Ministry of Health, with 119 miners as samples. The results of the measurement of mercury in the hair of workers, obtained 77.9% above normal, Biology Exposure Index value ≤ 3μg / g (ACGIH, 2005). Analysis of mercury levels in the hair with impaired function of the central nervous system, the statistical calculation showed no significant relationship, but workers with high mercury levels risked 3.12 times, 95% CI (0.67 - 14.36) against impaired functioning of the nervous system center. Analysis of various confounding factors, namely: Length of exposure, consumption of fruits, fish consumption, pesticide and or insecticide use and smoking habits, based on statistical calculations, only the use of pesticides has a constant relationship between them and 3.97 times risk, 95% (1.51 - 10.43) against impaired functioning of the central nervous system. The result of multivariate analysis, obtained by respondent with high mercury in hair, had 2.82 times greater risk with 95% CI (0,595-13,379) for impaired function of central nervous system after controlled variable of pesticide usage. Prevention and control of health impacts due to the use of mercury should involve various parties, government, private and public, through elimination, substitution, technical and administrative control programs.
Keywords: Mercury, Neurological Disorders, Workers
Jumlah penderita TB Pam BTA positif di Kecamatan Mustika Jaya pada tahun 2006 sebesar 19.2% melebihi positif rate 10% dari tersangka TB sehingga risiko tertular cukup tinggi di mana satu orang dcngan BTA positif dapat menularkan 10 - I5 orang setiap tahun. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui faktor fisik mmah dan kamkteristik responden dcngan kejadian tuberkulosis Paru BTA positifl Desain penelitian mcnggunakan kasus kontroi. Kasus adalah penduduk berusia 2 15 tahun pada tahun 2006 dan pada bulan Januaxi sampai April 2007 yang diperiksa sputumnya dcngan hasil BTA positif sedangkan kontrol adalah tetangga kasus yang berusia 2 I5 tahun yang tidak dalam keadaan sakit dan diperiksa sputumnya dengan hasil BTA negatifi. Jumlah kasus 78 dan kontrol 78 pcngumpulan data melalui wawancara dan observasi. Analisa data deskripsi dengan distribusi frckuensi, nnalisa hubungan dengan uji kai kuadrat dan multivariat dengan regresi logistik model prediksi. Faktor fisik nnmah yang bermakna berhubungan dengan kejadian TB adalah ventilasi rumah. Faktor kanakteristik rcsponden yang berhubungan adalah 1 Jenis kelamin (2,764, 1435 - 5,327) dan status gizi (3.136, 1,496-6,S79) Faktor risiko yang paling berhubungan dengan kejadian TB Paru BTA positif adalah status gizi (3,495, 1,543-7,9l'7), Jenis kelamin (2,724, 1,304-5,69l) dan faktor risiko yang paling dominan hubungannya dengan kejadian TB Paru BTA positif adalah status gizi. Kesimpulan penehtian ini adalah Keadaan fisik rumah di wilayah kccamatan Muslika Jaya hampir sama apau homogen dan yang bermakna berhubungan dcngan TB Paru adalah vcminasiummah dan dengan giza yang jelek maka mempunyai rasiko lebih besar mcnderita TB Paru BTA positif dibandingkan dengan penduduk yang mempunyai gizi baik. Berdasarkan hasil ini disarankan. Pemerintah Kota Bekasi mcmberikan bantuan dana stimulan sebagai modal untuk menciptakan keluarga mandiri khususnya keluarga miskin, dan Dinas Kcsehatan Kota Bekasi secara periodik memberikan penyuluhan kepada masyarakat tcntang rumah yang sehat dan asupan gizi seirnbang.
Total amount of TB Lung BTA positive patient in Mustikajaya sub-district year 2006 as much as l9,2% more than positive rate i 10% from TB suspect. Theref`ore, contagims risk in quite high where one person with BTA positive could infect 10 - 15 people per year. This research purpose is to recognize house physical factor and respondent characteristic with TB Lung BTA positive cases. Research design is using case control. Case is residence age of > 15 years old in 2006 until April 2007 that examined before with BTA positive result. While control is case neighbor age of > I5 years old with healthy condition that examined before with BTA negative result. Total cases are 78 and control 78. Data obtained from interview and observation. Analysis of data description is frequency distribution, relation analysis with chi-square test, and multivariate with logistic regression model. Prediction of house physical faktor that significantly related with TB cases is house ventilation. Respondent characteristic factor that related are gender (2.764, 1.435 - 5.327) and nutrition status (5.I36, 1. 496 - 6.579). The most related factor with TB Lungs BTA positive cases are nutrition status (3.495, l.S43 - 7.9l7), gender (2.724, 1.304 - 5.69l) and the most dommam related risk factor with TB Lungs BTA positive is nutrition Status. Research conclution is house physical environment in Mustikajaya sub-disuict are almost the same/homogeny and related significantly with TB Lungs are house ventilation and with bad nutrition so has higher risk to infected by TB Lungs BTA positive compared to residence who has good nutrition. Based on this result is suggested to govemment of Bekasi city to give stimulant fund assistance as assets to create autonomous family especilly poor family. Moreover, Health agecy of Bckasicity periodically give counseling to public toward healthy housing and balanced nutrition input.
