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Pneumonia merupakan penyebab kematian terbesar pada anak di seluruh dunia. Setiap tahunnya diestimasikan sekitar 18% kematian anak di bawah usia 5 tahun di seluruh dunia disebabkan oleh pneumonia. Faktor risiko pasti yang berkontribusi diantaranya yaitu balita yang tidak mendapatkan ASI eksklusif.
Tujuan studi ini untuk mengetahui hubungan pemberian ASI eksklusif terhadap kejadian pneumonia balita usia 12 -23 bulan setelah dikontrol terhadap confounder. Studi kasus kontrol ini dilakukan di tiga wilayah puskesmas Kota Cimahi berdasarkan angka insidens kasus pneumonia balita yang tertinggi di tahun 2012. Kasus adalah balita usia 12 - 23 bulan yang berkunjung ke sarana puskesmas penelitian periode Januari - Desember 2012 dan didiagnosa sebagai kasus pneumonia. Kontrol merupakan tetangga dari kasus, dengan perbandingan jumlah kasus dan kontrol yaitu 1:1. Besar sampel minimal sebanyak 133 untuk masing - masing kelompok. Analisis multivariat dengan menggunakan regresi logistik. Besar asosiasi balita yang tidak mendapat ASI eksklusif memiliki OR untuk terjadinya pneumonia sebesar 3,58 kali (95% CI: 2,08 - 6,19) dibandingkan yang mendapat ASI eksklusif setelah dikontrol terhadap confounder.
Penelitian ini memperkuat penelitian terdahulu yang membuktikan kekuatan hubungan pemberian ASI eksklusif terhadap kejadian pneumonia pada balita. Berfokus pada daerah dengan angka insiden kasus penumonia yang tinggi, pihak dinas kesehatan dan puskesmas dapat lebih meningkatkan upaya promosi dan fasilitasi ASI eksklusif, menciptakan kawasan tanpa asap rokok di tingkat rumah tangga, pengurangan adanya paparan asap pembakaran di dalam rumah, peningkatan pengetahuan ibu berkaitan faktor risiko pneumonia.
Pneumonia is the biggest cause of death in children worldwide. Each year approximately 18% of estimated deaths of children under five worldwide are caused by pneumonia. Definite risk factors that contribute to them are children under five who are not exclusively breastfed.
The purpose of this study to determine the relationship of exclusive breastfeeding on the incidence of pneumonia children under five age 12 -23 months after controlling for confounders.Case-control study was conducted in three areas of public health centers Cimahi City based incidence rates were highest children under five cases of pneumonia in 2012. Cases were children aged 12-23 months who visited the research public health centers means the period of January to December 2012 and was diagnosed as a case of pneumonia. Control is a neighbor of the case, the ratio of the number of cases and controls is 1:1. Minimum sample size for each of as many as 133 - each group. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression. Major association children under five who are not exclusively breastfed for the occurrence of pneumonia had an OR of 3.58 (95% CI: 2.08 to 6.19) than those who are breastfed exclusively after controlling for confounders.
This study reinforces previous research that proves the strength of association of exclusive breastfeeding on the incidence of pneumonia in infants. Focusing on areas with a number of high incidence of cases of pneumonia, the health department and public health center could further enhance the promotion and facilitation of exclusive breastfeeding, creating a smoke-free area at the household level, reduction in exposure to combustion fumes in the house, increasing maternal knowledge of risk factors associated pneumonia.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ( SLE ) is an autoimmune disease that results in inflammation in many organs. The prevalenceof SLE is increasing and the mortality rate was high. Etiology of SLE has not known. However , several risk factors could be expected to affect the incidence of SLE . One of them is a history of drug allergies, especially antibiotics. This study aimed to determine the relationship between antibiotic allergy history and SLE after controlled by family history,other autoimmune disease, age of menarche, and smoking behavior in Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital Bandung. This study was conducted from April to July 2014 using case-control design. Cases were women SLE patients who went to Rheumatology Department Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital Bandung. Control were a female patient who went to Internist Department with individually matched at the age ( 3 years range ), and region. Data were analyzed with univariate, bivariate , and multivariate conditional logistic regression. The results showed that a history of antibiotic allergy tends to increase the incidence of SLE for 2.34 times ( OR = 2.34 , 95 % CI 0.66 to 8.22 ) after controlled by SLE family history, history of autoimmune, and smoking behavior. For the class of penicillin/cephalosporin, the risk increased to 2.75 times ( OR = 2.75 , 95 % CI 0.65 to 11.59) . Keywords : SLE , antibiotic allergy , matched case-control
Infant mortality is defined as death that occurring in the first year of life. Infant mortality rate in Indonesia and Cambodia itself is still above the Southeast Asian IMR, while in Philippines is similar to the Southeast Asian IMR. Birth interval is one factor that plays an important role in infant mortality especially <24 months. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of birth interval on infant mortality in Indonesia, Philippines and Cambodia. This study used data from Demographic Health Survey (DHS) in Indonesia (2012), Philippine (2013) and Cambodia (2014). The study design is cross sectional and sample in each country is 10.162, 4.741 and 4.330 infants. After controlled by confounding variables, birth interval <18 months had the greatest risk of infant mortality in Indonesia (OR = 2.43: 95% CI 1.26 - 4.70), Cambodia (OR = 4.39: 95% CI 1,76 - 10,94) compared to 18 - 23 months, 24 - 35 months and ≥ 36 months. While in Philippines 18 - 23 month birth interval is the greatest risk of infant mortality compared to birth interval <18 months and ≥ 24 months (OR = 2.59: 95% CI 1.13 - 5.95). The ideal birth interval to reduce the risk of infant mortality is ≥ 24 months. Keywords: infant mortality, birth interval.
