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Masalah penyalahgunaan narkotika, psikotropika dan zat adiktif lainnya (NAPZA) merupakan salah satu masalah besar dan kebanyakan terjadi pada kelompok usia produktif yang sampai saat ini belum dapat diatasi. Pada tahun 2001 pengguna Napza di Indonesia mencapai lebih dari 2 juta jiwa dengan kematian akibat Over Dosis sebanyak 17.16 %. Sebagian besar pengguna yaitu 1.3 juta jiwa tinggal di wilayah Jakarta dan diperkirakan 35 % siswi SMU dari 64 sekolah di Jabotabek ditemukan sebagai pengguna berat dan pengedar Napza.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat berapa besar kontribusi penggunaan tehnik parenteral terhadap kejadian terpapar virus Hepatitis B dan C pada populasi pengguna Napza di Pusat Pemulihan Napza di wilayah Jabotabek. Rancangan yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah rancangan cross sectional, dengan jumlah sampel 201 orang di dapat dari catatan medis penderita yang dirawat dari Januari - November 2001.Hasil penelitian didapatkan Prevalensi kejadian terpapar virus Hepatitis B sebesar 43.6% dan prevalensi kejadian terpapar virus Hepatitis C sebesar 69.1%, untuk hubungan kejadian terpapar virus Hepatitis B didapatkan hasil: Tidak ada hubungan bermakna antara penggunaan tehnik parenteral dengan kejadian terpapar virus Hepatitis B setelah dikontrol variabel lain dengan risiko 2A68 (CI 0.893-5.262). Untuk Hepatitis C ada hubungan bermakna secara statistik antara penggunaan tehnik parenteral dengan kejadian terpapar virus Hepatitis C setelah dikontrol variabel lain dengan risiko lebih tinggi yaitu 37.334 kali lebih tinggi (CI 12.455 - 11L911). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa tehnik parenteral memberikan kontribusi sebesar 44.7 % untuk menyebabkan kejadian terpapar virus Hepatitis B dan 92 % untuk menyebabkan kejadian terpapar virus Hepatitis C.Saran yang diberikan berupa : informasi tentang bahaya penggunaan Napza dan bahaya tambahan dari penggunaan jarum suntik dan alat sayat (tehnik parenteral) bersama-sama, gerakan lintas sektor untuk meminimasi distribusi dan utilisasi Napza, saat ini kita mungkin harus mulai terbuka untuk membuat klinik-klinik khusus yang dapat mengakomodasi kepentingan pengguna melalui kontrol terhadap pemakaian dan tehnik penggunaan terutama untuk pengguna lama yang sulit direhabilitasi dan untuk pengguna kambuhan. Tetapi yang jauh lebih penting dari itu adalah memperkuat fungsi dan peran keluarga agar keluarga dapat melakukan deteksi dini terhadap tanda-tanda penggunaan Napza untuk mencegah penggunaan berlanjut.Daftar bacaan: (1976 - 2001)
Contribution of Parenteral Technique due to Hepatitic B and Hepatitic C Viral Expose at Drug Users in Centre of Rehabilitation 2001Narcotics, Psychotropic and others addictives (NAPZA) abuse problem is one of the biggest problems and it's happen to productive period in life and have not solved yet. In 2001 there is more than 2 million people use NAPZA with 17.16% mortality caused over dose. A lot of drug users about 1.3 million people live in Jakarta and estimated at 35% of them are SMU students from 64 schools in Jabotabek as chronic users and seller.Objective for this research to know contribution of parenteral technique due to Hepatitic B and C Viral expose at drug users population whom rehabilized in centre of rehabilitation in Jabotabek. This research use cross sectional design, sample size 201 users have been rehabilized, collecting data come across Laboratories examinations and justify with medical diagnose in medical records.Results from this research are Prevalence rate for Hepatitic B viral expose occur to 43.6% and Prevalence rate for Hepatitic C viral expose occur to 69.1%. There are not significant relationships between parenteral techniques to be Hepatitic B Viral expose after controlled by another variables with 2.168. 95% CI (0.893-5.262) and There are a significant relationships between parenteraI technique to be Hepatitic C Viral expose after controlled by another variables with 37. 95% CI (12.55-111.911). Conclusion for this research are : Parenteral technique gives 44.7 % contribute to Hepatitic B viral ekspose and 92% contribute to Hepatitic C viral expose.Suggestion of this research are: Give right information about effect using NAPZA and addictive hazard from use parenteral technique and laserate aids together. Intersector action to minimize distribution and utilization drugs. Today we must be make specialize clinics to accommodate users by control about using and parenterel technique to chronical users and relapse users. But one of very important thing are makes family function and role to early detection the symptom of using drugs to prevent chronic users.References: 30 (1976-2001)
Background: The national Early Detection of Hepatitis B (DDHB) program for pregnant women is a key strategy to prevent mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of hepatitis B. With approximately 90% of infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers developing chronic hepatitis B, immunization remains crucial but does not fully eliminate the risk of transmission. This study aimed to analyze risk factors contributing to hepatitis B in children, develop a probability model for its occurrence, and evaluate the implementation of the DDHB program as a preventive and control measure for MTCT. Methods: This study employed an explanatory mixed-methods approach. The quantitative component used a retrospective cohort design involving 166 mother-child pairs, where mothers were confirmed to have hepatitis B infection (HBsAg-positive) through antenatal care (ANC) screening. The qualitative component utilized a case study design with in-depth interviews conducted with 23 informants. The research was carried out in Makassar City and Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi Province. Result: A multivariate analysis using a binomial GLM with a log link was conducted to calculate the adjusted risk ratio (aRR) for factors associated with hepatitis B in children. The results indicated that mothers with high HBV-DNA levels (>106 copies/mL) had a significantly increased risk of transmitting HBV to their children (aRR=2.9, 95%CI=1,37-6,20). Children who did not receive hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIg) (aRR = 5.6, 95%CI=2,28-13,76), did not vaccinate HB-0 (aRR = 2.9, 95%CI=1,37-6,20), did not vaccinate HB-1 (aRR = 10.44, 95%CI=5,23-20,87), or did not vaccinate HB-2 (aRR = 12.11, 95%CI=5,21-28,35) were at significantly higher risk of HBV infection. Additionally, children born to mothers with high HBV-DNA levels (>106 copies/mL) who did not receive HBIg, HB-0, HB-1, and HB-2 vaccines had a 94% probability of hepatitis B occurrence. Conclusion: These findings emphasize the importance of the DDHB program for pregnant women in identifying HBV-DNA levels to facilitate antiviral therapy as needed. Furthermore, the administration of HBIg and hepatitis B vaccines (HB-0, HB-1, and HB-2) to infants is highly effective in reducing the risk of MTCT, making it a vital strategy in preventing hepatitis B infections in children. Recommendation: The DDHB program should be comprehensively optimized, starting with screening for pregnant women, conducting HBV-DNA testing on pregnant women who are HBsAg reactive, and enhancing the coverage of HBIg administration and implementation of the hepatitis B vaccination (HB-0, HB-1, and HB-2) for children.
Latar belakang: Tenaga kesehatan berpotensi untuk terkena Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Virus HepatitIs C, dan Virus Hepatitis B yang penularannya lewat darah. Tertusuk jarum suntik dapat membahayakan tenaga kesehatan di rumah sakit. Tujuan: Diketahuinya riwayat tertusuk jarum suntik yang berhubungan dengan terjadinya kejadian Hepatitis B atau C pada tenaga kesehatan di RS Dr.Kariadi Semarang Tahun 2008. Metode: Desain cross sectional dengan melakukan wawancara dan pengambilan darah pada 225 kelompok terpapar (kelompok riwayat tertusuk jarum suntik >2 kali) dan 225 kelompok riwayat tertusuk jarum suntik < 2 kali). Analisis data univariat, bivariat dan multivariat dengan interaksi dan confounding. Hasil dan diskusi: Riwayat tertusuk jarum suntik >2 kali berisiko 48,99 kali untuk mengalami Hepatitis B atau C dibandingkan dengan riwayat tertusuk jarum suntik < 2 kali dengan POR sebesar 48,99 95%CI (9,494-252,85) P value 0,000 dan terdapat satu variabel confounding yaitu frekuensi menyuntik yang dapat mendistorsi efek riwayat tertusuk jarum suntik dengan kejadian Hepatitis B atau C. Kesimpulan dan saran: Tenaga kesehatan yang riwayat tertusuk jarum suntik >2 kali dalam 6 bulan memperbesar risiko mengalami kejadian Hepatitis B atau C bila dibandingkan dengan tenaga kesehatan yang riwayat tertusuk jarum suntik < 2 kali dalam 6 bulan, setelah dikendalikan oleh Riwayat Medis, Paparan Pekerjaan Modis, Unit kerja, Lama Kerja, Jenis Kelamin, Frekuensi Menyuntik, dan Kewaspadaan Universal di RS Dr. Katiadi Tabun 2008. Di anjurkan supaya tenaga kesehatan di RS Dr. Kariadi tidak sampai tertusuk lebih dari satu kali agar tidak terkena Hepatitis B atau C dengan cara meningkatkan praktek pencegahan infeksi, melakukan general check up dimana pemeriksaan Hepatitis B atau C termasuk didalamnya dan dilakukan setahun sekali, bagi tenaga kesehatan yang tertusuk jarum suntik lebih dan sekali sebaiknya segera memeriksakan diri secepatnya untuk mengetahui lebih dini apakah mengalami Hepatitis B atau C, dan sebaiknya tenaga kesehatan dalam sebulan menyuntik tidak lebih dari 8 kali agar tidak mengalami hepetitis B atau C.
Background: Healthcare workers (HCWs) are potentially at risk for human immunodefiCiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HeV) infection through occupational exposures to blood and bloody body fluids. Needle stick injuries put healthcare workers at risk of life-threatening infections such as Hepatitis C and Hepatitis B. Aims: A study was designed to determine the risk of needle stick injuries of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) or Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among health care workers in Dr. Kariadi Hospital 2008. Method: Designed cross sectional by interview and blood examination on 225 exposed group (had needle stick injuries more than once in. 6 month ago) and on 225 unexposed group (had needle stick injuries less than twice in 6 month ago). Analysis of data univariate, bivariate and multivariate with interaction and confounding. Results: Needle stick injuries more than once related to Hepatitis B or C with POR 48,99 95%CI (9,494-252,85) P value 0,000 and frequencies of suturing is a confounder. Conclusion: Needle stick injuries more than once related to Hepatitis B or C after controlled by medical history, duration of working, exposure on medical occupation, workplace, sex, universal precautions. and frequencies of suturing. Suggested to health care workers in Dr. Kariadi Hospital do not get needle stick injuries more than once in order to prevent Hepatitis B or C by increasing universal precautions, do general check up including Hepatitis B and C, health care workers who had needle stick injuries more than once are supposed to immediately check up for early diagnostic Hepatitis B or C, and suggested to saturing not more than eight times in a month.
Kata kunci : HIV, Penasun, sharing needle, pasangan seks, kondom, IMS.
HIV infection cases keep increasing and have been inestmated infecting 36.7 million people in the world and 2 million among them are children below 15 years old. The high prevallence rate of HI among IDUs indiacted IDU is important HIV key population in Indonesia. The aim of this study was to know determinant affecting HIV infection among IDUs in Indonesia in year 2015 by using secondary data of IBBS (STBP) among IDUs in 6 big cities done by Ministry of Health (Kemkes RI). In IBBS/STBP study about 1231 IDUs were interviewed and taken their blood samples. In study we used multivariate analysis using Cox regrssion analiysis and found that the HIV prevalence rate was 28.8%. About 55,2% have shared needles, 90,7% have used already used needles, 35% have been following methadone substitution therapy. From this study we also found that having IDUs sex partner increased risk to get HIV infection for about 2,22 times as compared those did not have (95% CI of PR: 1,152- 4,281, p-value=0,017), Self perception that ones being at risk of HIV increased risk to get HIV infection 1,68 times (95% CI 1,176-2,406, nilai p=0,004), sharing needle increased risk to get infected by HIV 1,90 times (95% CI 0,68-5,35), status of Sifilis infection and STI (sexual transmitted infection) both increased risk 1,2 times and condom use had protective effect and showed signficant association (p-value=0,006). HIV control programs in Indonesia were expected to be more focus on intervention toward key population of IDUs in areas of education to increase knowledge of HIV, therapy and behavior intervention.
Kata kunci : HIV, IDUs, sharing needle, sex partners, condom, STI.
