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Dikaitkan dengan persiapan otonomi daerah, tanggung jawab para pemimpin daerah khususnya yang berkaitan dengan pembiayaan bidang kesehatan akan lebih besar, Kabupaten Tangerang harus berupaya untuk memobilisasi dana masyarakat melalui upaya peningkatan pendapatan daui masyarakat untuk menutupi biaya pelayanannya. Penyesuaian tarif yang rasional merupakan salah satu altematif untuk mengatasi beban biaya tersebut. Hal ini dimungkinkan asalkan scsuai dengan tingkat kemampuan membayar (ability ro pay) dan kemauan mcmbayar (willingnes to pay) masyarakat setempat.
Tarif pelayanan kesehatan di Kabupaten Tangerang perlu dilihat sebagai salah satu altematif unutk meningkatkan pendapatan Puskesmas guna memcukupi kebutuhan biaya operasional maupun pemeliharaannya dalam upaya memberikan pelayanan yang lebih bermutu. Namun demikian, dalam kebijakan sektor kesejahteraau (welfare policy), seyogyanya pelayanan yang bersifat public goods dibiayai bersama oleh masyarakat melalui tangan Pemerintah dalam bentuk subsidi yang berasal dari masyarakat sendiri. A Sampai saat ini belum diketahui besamya tarif rasional Puskesmas di Kabupaten Tangerang, oleh karena itu penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui besamya biaya total produksi, biaya satuan aktual, biaya satuan normati besarnya revenue, dan besarnya cost recovery Puskesmas dan tentu saja diperolehnya gambaran kemampuan membayar masyarakat di Kabupaten Tangerang dengan mempenimbangkan juga tarif pesaing setara sebagai dasar dalam melaksanakan penyesuaian tarif Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kahupaten Tangerang pada 4 Puskesmas yang diambil secara purposive dan diharapkan dapat mewakili 40 Puskesmas yang ada yaitu di Puskesmas Balaraja, Puskesmas Sukadiri, Puskesmas Pamulang dan Puskesmas Dangdnng Analisis hiaya Puskesmas menggunakan data sekunder, yaitu data Puskesmas tahun 1999/2000 dan data kemampuan membayar masyarakat memakai data Susenas tahun 1999 berdasarkan kemampuan pengeluaran non esensial.
Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa tarif yang sekarang berlaku di Semua unit produksi Puskesmas jauh di bawah biaya tuannya. Untuk biaya satuan di unit produksi dengan output yang heterogen dilakukan penghitungan Relative Value Unit HU/U). Cos! Recovely Rate Puskesmas Kabupaten Tangerang masih rendah dan semua unit produksi mengalami deiisit. CRR paling tinggi di unit produksi laboratozium Puskesmas Balaraja yaitu sebesar 48,1%. ATP Kabupaten Tangerang hasil Susenas tahun 1999 berdasarkan pcngeluaran non esensial (tembakau sirih) sebesar Rp.36,847,- dengan pengeluaran terendah Rp.l5.235,- dan tertinggi sebesar Rp.55.240,-
Hasil dari simulasi tarif dengan berdasarkan biaya satuan, kemampuan membayar masyarakat, Cos! Recovery Rate sorta mempertimbangkan tarif pesaing setara malta tarif yang diusulkan untuk tmit produksi Balai Pengobatan (BP) adalah sebesar Rp.5.000,- perkunjungan dengan 88,17 % masyarakat mampu membayar, sisanya sebanyak ll,83% termasuk kelompok tersingkir dan hams mendapat subsidi salah satunya adalah dengan pembelian kartu sehat. Untuk tarif lain di luar unit produksi BP hendalmya mengacu kepada biaya satuan yang telah dihitung dalam penelitian ini. Apabila akan diberlakukan tarif nmggal (seragarn) di semua Puskesmas Kabupaten Tangerang dengan subsidi sllang antar Puskesmas hendaknya didasari hasil analisis biaya masing-masing Puskesmas.
Health services in Indonesia is getting more and more developed rapidly and it increases the health financing. After the crisis hit, the Enancing burden is getting more and more unbearable due to the very high inflation. The economic crisis is also burdening the govemment on how to finance the health cost because the govemment has to subsidize the health services for the poor people. Besides it also minimizes the allocation of health cost. In implementing the main programs of their relevant tasks, PI-[Cs under go the increasing costs. The now available fluid, either from the Central, Provincial, and Regional Governments is felt more insuicient , mean while the society demands on health services keep increasing as well.
In line with the Regional Autonomy preparation, the Regional leaders, specially those who are dealing with the health service financing are bearing greater responsibilities. Tangerang Regional Govemment has to try to mobilize the public iitnds for raising income collected fiom the society to cover their health services. The rational adjustment of tariif is an alternative solution to the cost biuiden. It is possible as long as it is considering the ability to pay adan willingness to pay.
The tariff of health services in Tangerang Region should be viewed as one altemative to increase the income of a PHC to cover the operational and maintenance costs so that it can give more quality services. However in the welfare policy , the public goods services should be financed collectively through the govemment subsidy collected liom the society it self Up to now the rational tariff for PHC in Tangerang is not known yet.
Therefore this research is carried out to find out the total production cost, actual unit cost, normative unit cost, the revenue amount, and recovery cost in a PHC. lt is also aimed at finding out the illustration of the paying power of Tangerang society by considering the competitors tariff as the basis of the tariff adjustment. This research is carried out in Tangerang District at 4 PHCS which have been selected purposively and they are expected to represent 40 existing PHCs in Tangerang. The 4 PHCs were PHC Balaraja, PHC Sukadiri, PHC Pamulang and PHC Dangdang. PHC cost analysis uses the secondary data ie.1999/2000 PHCs and 1999 Susenas on non-essential eaqaenses.
The analysis result shows that the existing tariff eH ective in all PHC production units is titr below the unit cost. For the unit cos in a production tmit with the heterogeneous output, the RVU was calculated. Tangerang District PHC cost recovery rate is still low and all production units suffer deficit. The highest CRR in It production unit is Balaraja PHC laboratorium with 48,1 %. The ATP of Tangerang Region in 1999 msenas on non-essential elqaeoses is Rp 36.847, with the lowest expense of Rp 15.235 and the highest exp se is Rp 55.240.
From the tariff simulation on unit cost, society paying power, CRR and considering the competitors? tari&, the suggested tarif for a production unit in a Clinic (BP) is Rp 5000.- per visit. With that 88, 17 % of the society can it and the rest 11,83 % cannot alford it so that they need to be subsidized. One way of giving the subsidy is providing them with the health cards. Tariffs other than the Clinic production unit should refer to the unit costs which have been calculated in this research. 1999. We suggested that the price charged by The PHC was best levied regionally in accordance to the group of society based on unit cost, affordability and acceptance applicable to the patiens of each particular PHC. In the future, it is therefore unavoidable thateach district could have more then otielevel of prices.
Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif analisis dengan rancangan cross sectional. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder untuk pusat-pusat biaya dan untuk menentukan ATP (kemampauan membayar masyarakat) dipakai data Susenas 1999 dan data pengunjung Puskesmas. Data primer dilakukan dengan wawancara terpimpin dengan memakai kuesioner. Perhitungan biaya satuan pelayanan didapatkan dari analisis biaya dengan metode double distribution sedangkan analisis tarif dikembangkan melalui simulasi tarif.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa biaya satuan aktual tanpa Annualized Fixed Cost (AFC) dan gaji di Unit BP adalah Rp. 2.617,34 untuk KIA Rp. 3.630,14 dan untuk poli gigi Rp. 5.074,55. Biaya satuan normatif untuk unit BP adalah Rp. 4.603,96 untuk KIA Rp. 7.850,65 dan poli gigi Rp. 12335,55. Biaya satuan yang didapatkan ini lebih besar dari tarif yang berlaku sekarang yang hanya Rp. 1.500.
Dari simulasi tarif di unit pelayanan BP, KIA dan Poli Gigi maka tarif yang rasional, untuk unit BP adalah Rp. 3.000,-dengan jumlah pengunjung Puskesmas yang mampu membayar adalah 97% dan Cost Recovery Rate (CRR) 108,18% untuk unit KIA adalah Rp. 4.000,- dengan jumlah pengunjung yang mampu membayar adalah 97% dan CRR 103,88% dan untuk poli gigi (pengobatan) adalah Rp. 6.000,- dengan jumlah pengunjung Puskesmas yang mampu membayar 94% dan CRR 105,14%. Hasil penelitian ini dapat dijadikan pertimbangan oleh Pemerintah daerah Kota Solok dalam menetapkan tarif rawat jalan di Puskesmas.
The Analysis of the Pricing Policy Outpatient Service Based on Unit Cost and the People Ability to Pay in Community Health Center, Tanjung Paku, Solok at the Year 1999/2000Determination of health care fee in Tanjung Paku Community Health center has not referred unit cost analysis of service and the people ability to pay. In order to know whether the current rate have approached unit cost of service and the people ability to pay and how rational rate in the Community Health Center in Tanjung Paku has done it, a research/analysis regarding this rate has been done in work area of Community Health Center in Solok.
This research is a descriptive analysis with cross-sectional design. The data used is secondary data for cost centers and to determine ATP (the people Ability To Pay) National Census 1999 data is used and data of the Community Health Center. The primary data is obtained by service unit cost is obtained from cost analysis by using double distribution method, while the rate analysis is developed by using rate simulation.
The result of research indicates that the actual unit cost without Annualized Fixed Cost (AFC) and the salary in General Policlinic unit is Rp. 2.617,34 Mother and Children Welfare section is Rp. 3.630,14,- and Dentist Policlinic is Rp. 5.074,55. The normative unit cost for General Policlinic unit is Rp. 4.603,96, Mother and Children Welfare section is Rp. 7.850,65,- and Dentist Policlinic is Rp. 12.735,55. The unit cost obtained is larger than the present rate is only Rp. 1,500,-.
From simulation of rate determination in General Policlinic is Rp. 3.000,- the patient that is able to pay 97% with Cost Recovery Rate (CRR) 147,47%, Mother and Children Welfare section is Rp. 4.000.- the patient that is able to pay 97% with CRR 103,88% and for Dentist Policlinic is Rp. 6.000,- the patient that are able to pay is 94% with CRR 105,14%. The Government of Solok Municipality in determining outpatient service rate in the Community Health Center can use the result of this research as consideration.
Reformasi telah mengubah kebijakan pembangunan nasional dimana setiap kebijakan pembangunan kesehatan diisyaratkan harus mencakup paradigma sehat. Di sisi lain, lahir pula kebijakan otonomi daerah. Sebagai salah satu implikasinya adalah dalam pembiayaan kesehatan. Alokasi anggaran daerah untuk kesehatan menjadi sangat tergantung sepenuhnya pada keputusan di tingkat daerah. Dengan adanya krisis ekonomi yang belum kunjung teratasi maka terjadi peningkatan beban pembiayaan kesehatan, di lain pihak masyarakat semakin kritis menuntut pelayanan yang bermutu. Untuk dapat mencapai pembangunan kesehatan dan kecukupan alokasi pembiayaan kesehatan maka salah satu peluang adalah mobilisasi dana melalui mekanisme peningkatan tarif terhadap pelayanan kesehatan masyarakat, dengan sayarat sesuai kemampuan membayar masyarakat. Di Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat sampai saat ini belum diketahui berapa besarnya tarif Puskesmas yang rasional, Melalui penelitian ini diharapkan didapatkan gambaran tarif Puskesmas yang rasional untuk wilayah kerja Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat, dengan mempertimbangkan biaya satuan, kemampuan dan kemauan membayar masyarakat dalam membayar tarif pelayanan kesehatan. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada dua Puskesmas yang diambil secara purposive dari sembilan Puskesmas yang ada, dengan dasar kriteria pemilihan yang ditentukan dan diharapkan dapat mewaldli Puskesmas di Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat. Puskesmas tersebut adalah Puskesmas Kuala Tungkal II yang berada di pusat Kabupaten dan Puskesmas Pijuan Baru yang berada di desa Pijuan Baru Kecamatan Tungkal Ulu. Analisis biaya menggunakan data sekunder yang tersedia di Puskesmas pada tahun 2001. Sedangkan analisis kemampuan dan kemauan membayar masyarakat dilakukan dengan survei terhadap masyarakat di dua wilayah Puskesmas tersebut, dengan pemilihan sampel rumah tangga yang berada dalam radius 5 km dari Puskesmas, masing-masing secara acak dipilih 100 responden. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa tarif Puskesmas Rp 2.000,- yang barn diberlakukan pada bulan September 2001 berada dibawah biaya satuan normatif (Rp 7.239,- untuk Puskesmas Kuala Tungkal II sampai Rp 9.899,- untuk Puskesmas Pijuan Baru) dan dibawah kemampuan dan kemauan membayar masyarakat. Dengan simulasi tarif yang dilakukan maka dengan tarif Rp 5.000,- yang diusulkan sebagai tarif yang rasional dapat meningkatkan pendapatan dan cost recovery rate Puskesmas namun masih realistis dilihat dari tingkat kemampuan masyarakat. Terhadap sejumlah masyarakat yang tidak mampu membayar akibat kenaikan tarif hams mendapat subsidi, misalnya dengan cara pemberian "Kartu Miskin". Dafar Pustaka : 26 ( 1983 sampai 2001 )
The current reform has changed national development policies, all policies in health have to be in line with healthy paradigms. On the other hand, regional autonomy policy has been set up One implication is that allocation for health budget depend on regional decision making. The economic crisis which not been recovered yet have increased the health financial burden. Meanwhile the society demand on health services has been increasing. To achieve the health development goal and to meet the budget allocation for health, one possibility opportune is through resource mobilization i.e. pricing adjustment in public institution. Up to now the rational tariff for PHC in Tanjung Jabung Barat District has not been determined yet. This research was carried out to describe the illus the rational tariff for PHC in Tanjung Jabung Barat District by considering unit cost, as well as ability to pay. Two out of nine PHC had purposively been sampled based on certain criteria to represent all of PHC in Tanjung Jabung Barat District. The two PHCs were PHC Kuala Tungkal II in urban area and PHC Pijuan Baru on Pijuan Baru village in Tungkai Ulu district/rural area. PHC cost analysis used the secondary data in 2001, while ability to pay analysis used survey data on two selected PHC. Respondents are families who reside within the 5 km radius of the PHC. Total number of samples is 100 respondents for each PHC area. The research found that the current price of Rp 2.000,- which has been adopted since September 2001 was below the normative unit cost (Rp 7.239,- for PHC Kuala Tungkal II up to Rp 9.899,- for PHC Pijuan Baru) and the community still can afford it. From the tariff simulation it is suggested that tariff could be adjusted to Rp 5.000; increasing revenue and cost recovery rate is expected could cover the need for opeartional cost. For the poor the government should provide subsidy, for example using "Kartu Miskin". Reference: 26 (1983 - 2001)
Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa distribusi biaya yang dapat disediakan oleh masyarakat untuk setiap kali kunjungan di BP Umum minimum Rp.2.000, maksimum Rp.25.000, rata-rata Rp 9.200, Periksa kehamilan, bayi & anak minimum Rp.2.000, maksimum Rp.20.000, rata rata Rp 9.850, dan bila sakit gigi minimum Rp.3.000, maksimum Rp25.000; rata-rata Rp.10.050, dengan harapan adanya peningkatan kualitas layanan dan selalu diperiksa oleh dokter serta obat yang memadai. Hasil simulasi tarif dibandingkan biaya satuan normatif, tarif pesaing dan ATPI, maka tarif yang dapat direkomendasikan adalah untuk BP Rp 5.000, KIA, Rp 9.000, dan BP Gigi Rp. 12.500. Masyarakat yang tersingkir perlu diberikan subsidi silang, melalui upaya kartu sehat yang pengaturannya ditentukan bersama dengan pemerintah kecamatan dan desa. Puskesmas merupakan pilihan utama masyarakat Lubuk Alung Kabupaten Padang pariaman untuk mendapatkan pelayanan kesehatan. Masalah ini karena biaya puskesmas terjangkau, serta lokasi puskesmas dengan sarana transportasi relatif lancar.
In performing the price determination of public health center it is done in an arbitrary and political consideration, So that price of public health center services in is felt no Rational. The rational is price that try to consumer surplus. There are several factors to determine a rational price. One of them is determined based on public ability and willingness to pay for the health service, competitors price, and unit cost. With the ratification of Law No. 22 year 1999 regarding Regional Autonomy, the districts goverment is demanded to explore its own financial sources for its operations. The public health center is performing its 18 major programs needs a large amount of money, while the subsidy from the government is insufficient. While it must improve the quality of its services. So, one of the way to adjust the health community center according to the self-financing policy or pure self-financing is the recalculation of the actual rate of the health community services that must be paid by the customer. This research is a descriptive analysis by using Cross-Sectional method. It user interview to collect data interviview is conducted with visitors of public health center in the last month before the research is done.
The result of the research indicates that the cost distribution that can be covered by the people for each visit to General Health Clinic is at minimum of Rp. 2.000; and maximum Rp. 25.000; and average Rp. 9.200.- Mother and children care consultation at minimum of Rp 2.000.- and maximum Rp. 20.000.- and average Rp. 9.850.-, dental health care at minimum of Rp. 3.000.- and maximum Rp. 25.000.-and average Rp. 10.500.- , with the expectation that the quality of service will increase and always examine by doctors with sufficient medicines. The result of price simulation compared to normative unit - cost, the competitor's price ATP1 indicate that the price to be recommended for Health Clinic is Rp. 5.000.-, Mother and Children Health Clinic is Rp. 9.000: and Dental Clinic is Rp. 12.500. The disadvantaged people need to subsidized with cross-subsidy through health card, the arrangement of which can be done with the local government of sub-district and village. The public health center is the main choice of the people of Lubuk Alung, Padang Pariaman district to obtain health services, because the price of public health center reached and its location is accessible with relatively smooth transportation.
The Sexual Infectious Disease (SID} medical checkup tariff at Mangga Besar Public Health Center is only Rp 20,000 for each visit. If the current price is raised, it is afraid that public purchase interest is declining. On the contraryif it is decreased, there is a possibility of public lessening trust on the quality served. The purpose of the study is to acquire the rational cost of SJD medical checkup at Jelia Clinic Mangga Besar Public Health Center West Jakarta by focusing on the unit cost, recovery cost levet. and public purchase ability and interest. The srudy ls analytical study with the cost analysis approath. Cost analysis method used is Activity Based Costing (ABC} which traces cost based on Clinical Pathway, and atso collect data pertaining public purchase ability and interest of the respondents as the customers of the SiD medical checkup services. It is derived from the srudy that SID medical checkup cost is Rp.16.077.489.10,- of the total direct investment cost; while direct operational cost is Rp. 237.970.301,- with the biggest component is on employee salary with the amount of Rp. 149.118504,-. SID medical checkup indirect cost is Rp. 148.719.898,- or 36,9% of the total cost. The total cost of SID medical checkup at ? is Rp. 53.203,- and median is Rp. 37.500,-. ATP is higher tban WTP. It is determined that the SID medical checkup rational oost based on the simulation is Rp. 70.000,-. It is suggested that further comprehensive study on SID medical checkup cost and utilization on SID medical checkup are to be improvesociety's for commercial sexual workers needs to be enhanced, DKl Jakarta Health Office needs to coordinate better with Sub Health Office and Public Health Center, and the scheme of SID medical checkup cost settlement is needed. To sum up, it is hoped that there is a sustained intervention to lessen HIV cases in order to improvesociety's productivity and wealth.
