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Kata kunci: Skizofrenia, kasus kontrol, Kabupaten Bogor
Schizophrenia is a a chronic and severe mental disorder that affects thinking, feeling, and behavior of a person. In Indonesia, the prevalence of schizophrenia is 1.7 per 1,000 populations. The number of visits of mental disorders in puskesmas of Bogor Regency has increased significantly from 1,648 to 13,390 in 2013-14. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with schizophrenia in Bogor Regency 2017. An unmatched case-control was conducted in 63 health centers of Bogor regency from May-June 2017. Cases were schizophrenic patient aged 15-50 years diagnosed by physicians/specialists and recorded in the register of Bogor district health centers in 2017. Controls were the healthy people aged 15-50 and domiciled in Bogor Regency. A total of 229 cases and 229 controls were selected by multistage sampling technique. Probability proportional to size was usedto determine the number of samples from each puskesmas. A pre-tested semi structured questionnaires was used to collect relevant data from controls and one of the family members of cases. Chi square test and multivariate logistic regression were applied for data analysis. Folowing factors were associated with schizophrenia: male gender (AdjOR: 11.68; 95% CI: 4.96 -27.50), family history of schizophrenia (AdjOR: 4.02; 95 %CI: 1,90-8,48), basic education (AdjOR: 30.63; 95%CI: 4.21-222.81), secondary education (AdjOR: 25.35; 95% CI: 3.51-182.90), unemployed (AdjOR: 5.6; 95 %CI 2,52-12,45), unmarried (AdjOR: 10,20; 95%CI 2,52-12,45), problems in the family (AdjOR: 4.93; 95%CI 2.43-9.99) and problems at work / school (AdjOR: 32.60; 95%CI 7.29 - 145.76). In the study setting, biological (male and family history of schizophrenia),sociodemographic (low level of education, unemployment and unmarried) and environmental factors (problems in family, workplaceor school) were associated with schizophrenia. Prospective analytical studies are needed to further explore these associations.
Keywords: Schizophrenia, case control, Bogor district
Penyakit kusta di Indonesia masih merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat, disamping besarnya masalah di bidang medis juga masalah sosial yang di timbulkan oleh penyakit ini. Menghadapi masalah ini organisasi kesehatan dunia (WHO) telah menetapkan agar pada tahun 2000 penyakit kusta tidak lagi merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat dengan prevalensi rate 1 per 10.000 penduduk. Penurunan prevalensi rate ini dapat dicapai dengan upaya penurunan proporsi penderita kusta yang berobat tidak teratur dalam periode waktu tertentu. prevalensi rate Kabupaten Majalengka cenderung menurun dari tahun ke tahun, tetapi belum mencapai target prevalensi rate yang ditargetkan oleh WHO yaitu kurang dari 1 per 10.000 penduduk. Namun hal ini berbeda dengan penemuan penderita baru yang cenderung meningkat.Pencapaian persentase ketidakteraturan berobat penderita kusta di Kabupaten Majalengka pada tahun 2000 sebesar 32,31% sehingga RFT hanya sebesar 67,69%. Angka ini relatif masih rendah bila dibandingkan dengan target RFT (Release From Treatment) rate nasional (keteraturan berobat) sebesar 90%.Beberapa penelitian terdahulu, misalnya di Kabupaten Kuningan menunjukan bahwa ketidakteraturan berobat (1993) mencapai 18,80%, kemudian di Kabupaten Tangerang menunjukan bahwa ketidakteraturan berobat (1993) mencapai 21,60%.Berdasarkan kenyataan ini, maka dilakukan penelitian yang mengkaji penyebab ketidakteraturan berobat yang sebenarnya dari penderita kusta yang terdiri dari variabel umur penderita kusta, jenis kelamin penderita kusta, pekerjaan penderita kusta, pendidikan penderita kusta, pengetahuan, sikap dan keyakinan penderita tentang penyakitnya, ketersediaan obat di puskesmas, peran petugas kesehatan dan peran keluarga dalam pengobatan.Penelitian dilakukan di Kabupaten Majalengka dengan desain cross sectional dan menggunakan data primer. Responden berjumlah 208 orang yang merupakan seluruh populasi yang memenuhi kriteria sampel.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa secara statistik diperoleh hubungan yang bermakna pengetahuan penderita kusta (OR: 2,62, 95%CI : 1,44 - 4,76), sikap (OR 2,76, 95%C1 : 1,51 -5,05), ketersediaan obat di puskesmas (OR : 3,34, 95%CI : 1,64 - 6,80), dan peran petugas kesehatan (OR : 2,91, 95%CI : 1,60 - 5,31) dengan ketidakteraturan berobat penderita kusta. Pada penelitian ini tidak ditemukan adanya interaksi pada faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan ketidakteraturan berobat penderita kusta.Diperlukan upaya meningkatkan penyuluhan melalui media radio, televisi, buku, majalah dan pamflet yang komunikatif, sederhana dan dapat diterima masyarakat di daerah sehingga dapat mengubah perilaku. Disamping itu perlu adanya perencanaan tahunan kebutuhan obat sesuai dengan jumlah sasaran sehingga tidak terjadi kekurangan obat dan perlu juga pendidikan kesehatan yang persuasif dengan menggunakan peran keluarga atau kelompok sesama penderita dengan melibatkan tokoh masyarakat sekaligus sebagai pengawas menelan obat, serta meningkatkan kemampuan petugas pengelola program kusta, yang diharapkan petugas lebih proaktif dalam melaksanakan komunikasi, informasi dan edukasi kepada penderita kusta dan keluarga dengan mendatangi penderita dan keluarga untuk memberikan dukungan sosial dan konsultasi. Selain itu, diharapkan pula petugas dapat memberikan pelayanan pengobatan sesegera mungkin.Daftar Pustaka : 52 (1956 ? 2001).
Some Factors Relating to the Leprosy Patients Irregularity for Medical Treatment at the Regency of Majalengka in 1998 ? 2000.Leprosy was still a public health problem in Indonesia. The disease did not only cause a big problem to the medical area, but also to the community. To overcome this matter, the United Nations World Health Organization (WHO) had determined that in the year 2000 leprosy would no longer become a community problem with the prevalence rate of 1 per 10.000 people. The decrease of the prevalence rate could be abstained by reducing the number of leprosy patients who irregularly visited clinics for medical treatment, There was a tendency that the prevalence rate in Majalengka decreased from year to year, although it had not reached the targeted rate of the WHO, namely less than I per 10.000 people. This, however, was unlike the number of the newly known leprosy patients which tended to increase.In Majalengka the number of leprosy patients with irregular treatment in the year 2000 stood at 32.32 % which meant that the RFT (Release From Treatment) was only 67,69%. This figure was relatively still lower than the targeted national RFT rate (i.e.regular treatment) of 90%.Some earlier studies, such as one held in the Regency of Kuningan, showed that the irregular treatment in 1993 reached 18.80%. Another study in the Regency of Tangerang (1993) showed an irregularity of 21.60%.On the basis of these facts, a study was carried out to learn the actual causes of the irregularity for treatment by leprosy patients. The variables included age, sex, occupations, education, knowledge, attitude and belief of the patients on the disease, provision of medicines in the clinics, the roles of the clinic officials and of the relatives in the treatment.The study in Majalengka made use of the cross-sectional design and primary data, with 208 respondents, namely the whole population meeting the sample criteria.Results of the study showed there was statistically significant correlation between the knowledge of patients (OR : 2.62, 95%CI : 1.44 - 4,76), their attitudes (OR :2.76, 95%CI : 1.51 - 5.05), provision of medicines in clinics (OR : 3.34, 95%CI : 1,64 - 6,80), the roles of the clinic officials (OR : 2.91, 95%CI : 1.60 -5.31) and the patients irregularity for treatment. The study did not show any interaction of risk factors related to the patient irregularity for treatment.It was necessary to improve efforts in giving better information through the radio, television, books, magazines and leaflets in a communicative and simple way which would be more digestible to the local people. In this way people were expected to change their behavior. The study also suggested the necessity of an annual plan by the local government for the need of enough medicines for the targeted patients. The local government should also provide persuasive health education by involving active participation of relatives or groups of other leprosy patients, including some social celebrities who, at the some time, acted as watchers of the patients, discipline in taking medicines. It was also considered necessary to be more pro-active in communication and providing information as well as education to both the patients and their relatives by visiting them for social support and consultation. Apart from that, officials were expected to give treatment to the patients as immediately as possible.Bibliography : 52 (1956 - 2001).
Latar belakang: Di Indonesia angka kematian bayi masih lebih tinggi bila dibandingkan dengan negara negara Asean lainnya. Tetanus neonatorum adalah salah satu penyebabnya, tepatnya di Kabupaten Sukabumi ada beberapa faktor yang berhubungan dengan terjadinya tetanus neonatorum seperti cakupan imunisasi TT dan cakupan persalinan (persalinan oleh harus bukan persalinan oleh dukun), oleh karena itu pertolorgan persalinan merupakan salah satu faktor pernyebab tetanus neonatorum. Tujuan penelitian, desain, dan sampling: Studi ini dimaksudkan untuk menentukan faktor-faktor apa saja yang berhubungan dengan penelitian penolong persalinan di Kecamatan Cibadak Kabupaten Sukabumi tahun 2001 dengan menggunakan desain kros seksional . Populasi dari penelitian yaitu, ibu yang mempunyai anak dibawah 12 bulan yang bertempat tinggal di Kecamatan Cibadak Kabupaten Sukabumi. Sampel dipilih secara acak dengan cara probability proportional to size untuk mendapatkan sejumlah ibu yang mempunyai anak dibawah 12 bulan pada masing masing Desa, di Kecamatan Cibadak, Kabupaten Sukabumi. Hasil penelitian: Variabel yang tetap berhubungan benar dengan petugas penolong persalinan pada analisis multivariat yaitu variabel kepercayaan responder terhadap keterampilan nakes OR 4,253 (95% CI: 2154-8,359) dan banyaknya keluhan sewaktu responden mengandung anaknya yang terakhir OR=2,584 (95% CI: 1,329-5,023). Saran: a. Penyebarluasan informasi kepada ibu-ibu hamil mengenai ANC, persalinan, dan penyakit TN melalui penyuluhan kelompok di setiap desa. b. Pelatihan bidan mengenai cara menumbuhkan kepercayaan masyarakat dan mengusahakan agar bidan dapat menetap di satu desa dengan dibuatkan suatu Surat Perintah. c. Membiasakan kegiatan menabung bagi ibu hamil untuk meringankan biaya persalinan. d. Monitoring ibu hamil terutama ibu hamil risti. e. Mengoptimalkan kegiatan program perawatan kesehatan masyarakat terutama melakukan kunjungan kepada ibu hamil yang termasuk keluarga rawan. f. Membuat perencanaan yang tepat dan mengalokasikan dana yang cukup untuk kegiatan penyuluhan, monitoring ibu hamil, dan pembinaan keluarga rawan agar dapat berjalan dengan baik.
In Indonesia Infant Mortality Rate is still higher than the other ASEAN countries. Tetanus neonatorum is one of diseases that cause of death, especially at Sukabumi some factors related to the occur of tetanus neonatorum such as: TT immunization coverage and coverage of delivery (attendant by health provider not by traditional birth attendant), therefore birth attendant is one causal factor of tetanus neonatorum. Sampling, Design, and Research Objective: This study aim to determine factors related to choice of birth attendant in Sub district of Cibadak, District of Sukabumi in 2001 using cross sectional study design. The population of this study are the mothers who have the children under 12 month lived in Sub district of Cibadak, District of Sukabumi. Samples were selected randomly using Probability Proportional To Size regard to numbers of mothers who have children under 12 month for each village in Sub district of Cibadak, District of Sukabumi. Result: Factors that proven significant related to choice of birth attendant in multivariate analysis are believe to health provider OR-4_253 (95% Cl: 2.164-8.359) and compliant frequencies OR=2.584 (95% CI: L329-5_023). Suggestion: a. Desimination of information to group of pregnancy mother about ANC, delivery, and tetanus neonatorum decease in each village. b. Make a midwife training about method of growth the public believe and make a instruction for midwife in order to live in village. c. Make the mother accustomed to save the money for finance her delivery. d. Monitoring the pregnancy mother especially the high risk pregnancy mother. e. Optimalize of public health nursing program especially midwife health provider to poor family with pregnancy mother. f. Make a good plan and good allocation of financial for public health nursing program, monitoring the high risk pregnancy mother, and dissemination of information.