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Tuberculosis Paru merupakan salah satu penyakit kronis yang harus mendapat perhatian untuk segera diatasi dan ditangani. Di Indonesia strategi untuk menanggulanginya dengan Directly Observed Treatment Shorcourse chemotherapy (DOTS) telah dilaksanakan di 7.349 Puskesmas (97 %). Keberhasilan penanggulangan Program Tuberculosis Paru terkait erat antara komitmen dan pendanaan. Apabila dapat dijalankan dengan baik akan memberi keuntungan secara ekonomis. Mengingat alokasi pembiayaan kesehatan baru mencapai 3,93 % APBD Kabupaten Bengkayang. Maka untuk memberikan advokasi perlu dilakukan evaluasi ekonomi terhadap program kesehatan, salah satunya dengan CEA (Cost Effectiveness Analysis). Kondisi geografis sepesifik Kabupaten Bengkayang terdiri dari daerah pantai, kepulauan, pedaiaman, perkotaan, perbatasan dan tertinggal. Maka untuk lebih memberikan gambaran apakah pembiayaan kesehatan sudah sesuai dengan karakteristik daerah dilakukanlah studi kasus analisis efektifitas biaya penemuan dan pengobatan penderita tuberculosis pant dengan konseling/penyuluhan dan Pengawas menelan Obat (PMO) anggota keluarga dan petugas kesehatan dengan tanpa konseling dan PMO hanya anggota keluarga di Puskesmas Pantai dan Puskesmas Perbatasan. Untuk mengetahui komitmen anggaran dilakukan penggalian pendapat 1 pandangan kepada pengambil keputusan. Disain penelitian adalah kuantitatif. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mendapatkan basil cost effectiveness ratio penemuan dan pengobatan penderita tuberculosis paru dengan konseling/penyuluhan dan PMO anggota keluarga dan petugas kesehatan dengan tanpa konseling dan PMO hanya anggota keluarga di Puskesmas Pantai dan Puskesmas Perbatasan. Pengumpulan data primer berupa observasi dan wawancara mendalam dengan pengambil keputusan. Data sekunder dengan telaah dokumen. Hasil penelitian studi kasus ini menunjukkan bahwa komponen terbesar biaya penemuan dan pengobatan penderita tuberculosis paru dengan konseling/penyuluhan dan PMO anggota keluarga dan petugas kesehatan serta tanpa konseling dan PMVIO hanya anggota keluarga adalah biaya operasional sebesar 57,53 % di Puskesmas Sungai Duri (63,27 % gaji dan 17,01 % bahan habis pakai), sebesar 64,67 % di Puskesmas Sungai Raya (78,50 % gaji dan 10,87 % bahan habis pakai), sebesar 65,80 % di Puskesmas Jagoi Babang (90,34 % gaji dan 5,23 % bahan habis pakai) dan sebesar 32,66 % di Puskesmas Seluas (77,83 % gaji dan 12,50 % bahan habis pakai). Penemuan dan pengobatan penderita Tuberculosis Pam dengan metode konseling dan PMO di Puskesmas Pantai lebih efektif dibandingkan Puskesmas Perbatasan. Hampir semua pengambil keputusan menyatakan dukungan terhadap pembiayaan program kesehatan dan efektifitas tergantung pada SDM, sarana dan prasarana, serta pembiayaan kesehatan. Dalam pelaksanaan program tuberculosis part' di Puskesmas perlu didukung adanya konselinglpenyuluhan dan PMO tenaga kesehatan. Sosialisasi SPM dan hasil studi kasus sebagai bahan evaluasi dan advokasi dalam penyususnan anggaran APBD 2007. Dan efektifitas pelaksanaan program digunakan sebagai dasar dalam penentuan Kebijakan Umum Anggaran (KU A) APBD Kabupaten Bengkayang.
Lungs tuberculosis is one of the chronic diseases that have to be noticed then handled and overcome earlier. Overcome strategy by Directly Observed Treatment Shorcourse chemotherapy (DOTS) had conducted in 7.349 Puskesmas (97 %). Lungs Tuberculosis Program overcome efficacy related with commitment and funding. If conducted well, it will give benefit economically. Remembering health funding alloction recently reach 3,93 % of Bengkayang Regency APBD. Therefore to give advocated need economic evaluation toward health program, one of them is CEA (Cost Effectiveness Analysis). Specific geographical condition of Bengkayang Regency consist of coast, island, hinterland, urban, border and remains. Therefore to give view that health defrayal is appropriate with district characteristic conducted case study of cost effectiveness analysis case detection patient and lungs tuberculosis medication patient with conselling and PMO with family and health provider without no conselling and PMO by family only in Coastal Puskesmas and Border Puskesmas. To find the budget commitment conduct opinionlview delve toward decision maker. Research design is quantitative. Research aim is to find cost effectiveness ratio result of patien and lungs tuberculosis medication invention in Coastal Puskesmas and Border Puskesmas. Primary data gathering was in observation and circumstantial interview with decision maker. Secondary data by document study. This case study research result shows that total cost of case detection and TB Lungs Medication Patient by conselling and PMO with family and health provider with by no conselling and PMO with family only is operasional cost is 57,53 % in Puskesmas Sungai Duri (63,2 % salary and 17,01 % substance used up wear), 64,67 % in Puskesmas Sungai Raya (78,50 % salary and 10,87 % substance used up wear), 65,80 % in Puskesmas Jagoi Babang (90,34 % salary and 5,23 % substance used up wear) and 32,66 % in Puskesmas Seluas (77,83 % salary and 12,50 % substance used up wear). Case detection patient and Lungs TB Medication Patient with Cancelling and PMO Methode in Coastal Puskesmas is more effective with Border Puskesmas. Almost all decision maker express that effectiveness depends on SDM, tools and infrastructure, and also health financing. Program execution in Puskesmas with concelling and PMO with health provider, SPM Socialization and deciding budget allocation need to play attention to program conducting effectiveness evaluation and advocating on in desition to budget APBD 2007. And effectivness execution programme used by decision elementary in policy budget general Bengkayang Regency APBD.
Introduction: Hydrocarbons are flammable materials can cause major accidents and explosions at offshore platform hydrocarbon processing. Fires and explosions on offshore platforms are relatively rare accidents but can have unforeseen consequences that can have a significant impact on fatality and loss of assets. Methods: Descriptive method with quantitative design from secondary data in 2020 (cross sectional) and literature study without intervention on the research object (non-experimental) using software (PHAST) to evaluate the consequences of fire and explosion models. Frequency analysis with fault tree and event tree analysis methods, to analyse the possibility of overpressure and major accidents events on offshore platforms hydrocarbon processing facilities which are Major Hazard Plants. Result: The highest risk level for the personnel fatality working on the offshore platform is in the ALARP Region level from the largest contributor to the flash fire scenario with the number of fatalities as many as 10 peoples and the frequency value of 3.26E-08/year means 1 out of 30,674,847 flash fire scenario opportunities in 1 year can occur to cause fatality of 10 people, while the risk to assets is in an acceptable risk level from the largest contributor to the jet fire scenario with loss of assets 40,590,800.00 and the highest frequency value is 6.31E-08/year) means that 1 in 15,847,861 opportunities of a jet fire scenario in 1 year can occur to cause asset loss of $ 40,590,800 from fires and explosions in overpressure scenarios that have the potential to occur on the new offshore platform taking into account some of the safety systems that have been defined in the design. Conclusion: There is no need for additional mitigation because the safety system that has been determined in the design is sufficient to prevent major accidents that can occur so that the new offshore platform is declared safe to operate.
ABSTRAK Tesis ini membahas tentang kelayakan rujukan oleh bidan Puskesmas Poned Kota di RSUD Pirngadi Medan Tahun 2012. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain cross sectional. Sampel pada penelitian ini adalah seluruh kasus rujukan yang dirujuk ke RSUD Pirngadi berjumlah 136 kasus rujukan, dan dilengkapi dengan informasi dari 17 orang bidan di 6 Puskesmas Poned. Data primer diambil dengan wawancara menggunakan kuesioner, daftar ceklist dan data sekunder menggunakan data rekam medis RSUD Pirngadi Medan. Ada 75,7% kasus rujukan persalinan yang layak dirujuk dan 24,3% kasus rujukan persalinan yang tidak layak dirujuk. ABSTRACT This study analyzed the referral feasibility by Poned Health Centres midwives in Pirngadi Medan Hospital in 2012. This is a quantitative research using cross sectional design. Sample in this study are all referral cases referred to Pirngadi Hospital 136 cases and supplemented by information from 17 midwives in 6 Poned Health Centre. Data used a questionnaire, checklist, and medical record. There were 75,7% of the cases referred to decent referral and 24,3% of cases referral is not feasible referenced.
Kata kunci:Analisis Risiko, BTX, Pekerja Lepas Pantai
This research has objective to predict carsinogenic and non carcinogeniceffect of BTX exposure to offshore workers and the risk management required. Itis cross sectional study which utilize the environmental health risk assessmentapproach. Sample consists of 95 offshore workers in upstream oil and gascompany X. research data is compiled from direct interview and companymeasurement data. As a control, 7 administrative workers are involved incalculation. The result of this research is non carcinogenic exposure of benzenemust become a high concern which has risk quotient - RQ 21.05% at realtimeexposure and 61.05% at lifetime exposure. There is little risk related to tolueneand xylene. Its respectively RQ is lower than 1 for both of them. For carcinogenichealth risk of benzene, 20% of offshore workers and 60% of offshore workers hascarcinogenic effect to their health risk.It can be concluded that risk management isrequired for being applied in order to minimize the benzene health effect tooffshore workers.
Keyword: Risk Analysis, BTX, Offshore worker.
