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Malaria masih merupakan masalah kesehatan msyarakat yang serius bagi umat manusia di dunia. Saat ini diperkirakan 2,5 milyar manusia hidup di wilayah-wilayah endemis malaria dengan ± 300 juta kasus dan -+ 1juta orang meninggal setiap tahun karena penyakit malaria. Di Indonesia pada periode tahun 2001-2004 mengalami penurunan Annual paracite incidence (API) di Jawa-Bali tahun 2001 (0,62%o), 2002 (0,47%0), 2003 (0,22%o) dan 2004 (0,15%0). Demikian pula annual malaria incidence (AMI) di War Jawa-Bali tahun 2001 (26,20%0), 2002 (22,30%0), 2003 (21,80960) dan 2004 (21,20%o), tetapi penyakit malaria masih menimbulkan KLB pada tahun 2004, di 5 propinsi pada 6 kabupaten dengan 1.959 penderita dan 33 penderita meninggal dunia_ Tujuan penelitian ini, untuk mengetahui hubungan antara faktor pelayanan kesehatan, perilaku dan lingkungan dengan kejadian malaria dalam upaya mengidentifikasi karakteristik populasi lokal spesifik. Desain penelitian adalah studi korelasi populasi, menggunakan data sekunder dari Depkes RI dan BPS Pusat. Besar sampel yang diperlukan dalam penelitian 108 namun dalam analisisnya menggunakan keseluruhan sampel yang berhasil dikumpulkan sebanyak 46. Kasus adalah kelompok penderita dengan gejala klinis malaria yang sudah didiagnosis oleh petugas kesehatan, tinggal di propinsi Indonesia dan tercatat di Sub Direktorat Malaria Direktorat Jenderal Penanggulangan Penyakit Menular dan Penyehatan Lingkungan Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia tahun 2000-2004. Pengumpulan data dilakukan pada Bulan Juni 2006. Variabel penelitian adalah faktor pelayanan kesehatan (puskesmas), perilaku (kualitas sumber daya manusia) dan lingkungan (lingkungan sosial ekonomi, lingkungan tingkat rural, lingkungan sosial demografi dan lingkungan fisik) yang berhubungan dengan terjadinya efek yang diteliti (kejadian malaria di propinsi Indonesia tahun 2000-2004). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada hubungan sedang antara variabel puskesmas (1=0,335), sumber daya manusia (1=0,299), pemerataan (r=0,504), aspek lingkungan desa (r=-0,448), aspek pejamu desa (1=-0,493), kepadatan penduduk (1=-0,440) dan potensi perindukan nyamuk (r=-0,326) dengan kejadian malaria di Indonesia tahun 2000 sampai dengan 2004. Variabel yang paling besar berhubungan dengan kejadian malaria di Indonesia tahun 2000-2004 adalah variabel proporsi aspek lingkungan desa dengan model persamaan proporsi kejadian malaria = 2,316 + 0,628 (proporsi puskesmas) + 0,396 (proporsi sumber daya manusia) + 0,037 (proporsi pemerataan ) - 0,335 (proporsi aspek lingkungan desa) - 1,074 (proporsi potensi perindukan nyamuk). Dengan setiap puskesmas memiliki program P2 malaria yang secara aktif menjalankan tugasnya dalam penemuan kasus, pemberantasan, pencegahan dan penyuluhan malaria maka peningkatan faktor pelayanan kesehatan (variabel proporsi puskesmas) akan diikuti dengan penurunan proporsi kejadian malaria.
Malaria is still a serious health problem at society for human being in the world, because of a highest prevalence especially in development countries. Today it is estimated almost 2,5 billions people live at malaria endemic by 300 millions cases and 1 million people died because of malaria disease every year. It decreased in Indonesia at period of 2001-2004, Annual Paracite Incidence in Java - Bali in 2001 (0,62 0/00), in 2002 (0,47 °/oo), in 2003 (0,22 °/oo), and in 2004 (0,15 °/00). Furthermore, Annual Malaria Incident in Java-Bali in 2001, (26,20 0/oo, in 2002 (22,30 °/oo), in 2003 (21,80 °/oo), and in 2004 (21,20 0100). Malaria disease is still an extraordinary occurrence in 2004, 5 provinces, 6 sub-provinces, by 1.959 patients and 33 of them died. This research purpose is to know a relation between health services, behavior and environment factor with malaria occurrence in the effort of identifying a local population characteristic specifically. Research used a correlated population design with secondary data from Indonesia Ministry of Health and Indonesia Statistic Bureau. This research conducted to 108 samples but its analysis used all of samples which were success collected by 46 samples. Cases were patient groups with clinic symptom of malaria which have been diagnosed by a health worker, living in province of Indonesia and noted in Sub Directorate of Malaria, General Directorate of Infectious Disease Prevention and Environment Health, Indonesia Ministry of Health in 2000-2004. Data collecting was conducted on June 2006. Research variables are health service (primary health care), behavior (human resources quality) and environment (social economic, rural level, social demography and physic environment) related to the assessed effect (malaria occurrence in province of Indonesia, 2000-2004). Research result indicated that there was a medium relationship between primary health care (r=,335), human resources (r3,299), equity (r=0,504), district environment aspect (r),448), district host aspect (r),493), high population (r.1,440) and mosquito breeding places potency (r 0,326) variables with malaria occurrence in Indonesia, 2000-2004. The biggest variable related to malaria occurrence in Indonesia, 2000-2004 was proportion variable of district environment aspect with equity model of malaria occurrence proportion = 2,316 + 0,628 (proportion of primary health care) + 0,396 (proportion of human resources) + 0,037 (proportion of equity) - 0,335 (proportion of district environment aspect) -- 1,074 (proportion of mosquito breeding places potency). Each primary health care has a malaria eradication program which running their job actively on cases invention, eradication, prevention and counseling of malaria. Therefore, improvement of health service factor (proportion variable of primary health care) followed by proportion degradation of malaria occurrence.
Malaria merupakan masalah kesehatan dunia termasuk Indonesia karena mengakibatkan dampak yang luas dan berpeluang menjadi penyakit emerging dan re-emerging. Di Wilayah South East Asian Region (SEARO) yang Indonesia menjadi salah satu negara anggotanya, malaria merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang utama. Data Kasus Baru malaria tahun 2009/2010 di seluruh Indonesia berdasarkan Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) 2010 adalah 22,9 per mil, sedangkan di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara (61,7?).
Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional yang bertujuan untuk memperoleh gambaran karakteristik individu, faktor lingkungan dan perilaku yang berhubungan dengan kejadian malaria klinis di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara 2010. Penelitian dengan studi kuantitatif melibatkan 2272 subyek penelitian yang diperoleh data dari Riskesdas 2010, dengan jumlah kejadian malaria klinis sebanyak 408 subyek. Dari 20 variabel yang dianalisis multivariat di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara didapatkan ada 6 variabel yang berhubungan secara signifikan yaitu : pendidikan : OR = 2,04 (95% CI : 1,59 ? 2,62) dengan p value = 0,000, rawa-rawa : OR = 1,57 (95% CI : 1,10 ? 2,25), dengan p value = 0,014, pantai : OR= 0,49 (95% CI : 0,31 ? 078) dengan p value = 0,003, perkebunan : OR = 1,58 (95% CI : 1,25 ? 2,00) dengan p value = 0,000, tidur menggunakan kelambu : OR = 0,59 (95% CI : 0,41 ? 0,85) dengan p value = 0,005 dan memakai obat nyamuk bakar/elektrik : OR = 0,59 (95% CI : 0,45 - 0,78) dengan p value = 0,000.
Analisis juga dilakukan pada 8 Kabupaten dan 4 Kota di provinsi Sulawesi Utara dan hasilnya ada 4 Kabupaten dan 2 Kota yang sebagian variabel mempunyai hubungan signifikan dengan kejadian malaria klinis yaitu : Kabupaten Kepulauan Talaud, Kabupaten Minahasa, Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe, Kota Manado, Kota Tomohon dan Kabupaten Minahasa Utara.
Disarankan kepada masyarakat yang tinggal di sekitar rawa-rawa, pantai dan perkebunan hendaknya selalu menjaga kebersihan lingkungan serta memakai obat nyamuk bakar/elektrik. Untuk Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Sulawesi Utara pelaksanakan program "Gebrak Malaria" hendaknya lebih diintensifkan dan melibatkan seluruh lapisan masyarat. Untuk peneliti lain supaya dapat melakukan penelitian yang lebih mendalam tentang Malaria atau Malaria Klinis di daerah endemis malaria di Provinsi lain dengan menggunakan data hasil Riskesdas 2010 atau data terbaru di wilayah tersebut.
Malaria is a global health problem, including Indonesia, because it resulted in a broad impact and may appear and re-emerging diseases. Regional Southeast Asia Region (SEARO) and Indonesia became one of its member countries, malaria is a major public health problem. The new malaria cases in 2009/2010 Data for Health Research in Indonesia based on the Basic (Riskesdas) 2010 is 22.9 per mile, whereas in the Province of North Sulawesi (61.7 ?).
This study uses cross sectional design which aims to obtain a picture of individual characteristics, environmental factors and behaviors associated with the incidence of clinical malaria in North Sulawesi province in 2010. Research with quantitative studies involving 2272 subjects who obtained the data from Riskesdas 2010, with the incidence of clinical malaria as much as 408 subjects. Of the 20 variables in the multivariate analysis of the North Sulawesi province to find there are six significant variables related to: Education: OR = 2.04 (95% CI: 1.59 to 2.62) with p-value = 0.000, bog: OR = 1, 57 (95% CI: 1.10 to 2.25), with a p-value = 0.014, coast: OR = 0.49 (95% CI: 0.31 to 078) with a p-value = 0.003, plantations: OR = 1 , 58 (95% CI: 1.25 to 2.00) with p-value = 0.000, using mosquito nets to sleep: OR = (95% CI: 0.41 to 0.85) 0.59 with a p-value = 0.005 and use mosquito repellent/electric: OR = 0.59 (95% CI: 0.45 to 0.78) with p-value = 0.000.
The analysis was also conducted in eight counties and four cities in the province of North Sulawesi and the results there are four counties and two cities that some variables have a significant relationship with the incidence of clinical malaria namely: Talaud Islands, Minahasa, Sangihe Regency, Manado, Minahasa regency Tomohon and north.
It is recommended for people who live in the vicinity, the coast marshes and plantations should always keep the environment clean and using mosquito repellent / electric. For the North Sulawesi Provincial Health Office, the implementation of "Gebrak Malaria" program should be improved and involve all layers masyarat. For other researchers to conduct more in-depth research on Malaria, Clinical malaria or malaria in endemic areas in other provinces using data from Riskesdas 2010 or latest data in the region.
Malaria masih merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan di Kalimantan Barat, terutama di daerah pedesaan yang di lingkungannya terdapat genangan air yang berpotensi sebagai tempat perindukan nyamuk Anopheles. Di Kecamatan Mandor sebagian masyarakat bekerja di hutan, baik sebagai penebang kayu maupun penambang emas, penyadap getah, dan petani. Para pekerja ini sebagain besar ada yang menginap di hutan, dengan alasan efisiensi waktu atau karena jarak yang relatif jauh dari pemukiman sehingga akan berisiko untuk terkena gigitan nyamuk. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengestimasi berapa besar risiko pekerja terhadap kejadian malaria setelah diperhitungkan faktor tempat perindukan nyamuk, dan mengestimasi besar risiko pekerja terhadap kejadian malaria berdasarkan pemakaian kelambu, pemakaian obat anti nyamuk, penggunaan repelen, dan cara berpakain saat keluar rumah/ pondok tempat tinggal pada malam hari. Penelitian ini bersifat kuantitatif (observasional) dengan pendekatan studi kasus kontrol. Hasil uji pengetahuan tentang gejala sakit malaria, penyakit malaria oleh gigitan nyamuk, tahu cara penularan malaria, tahu tempat perindukan nyamuk, tahu cara pencegahan malaria, dan tahu malaria dapat diobati ternyata tidak ada hubungan yang bermakna dengan kejadian malaria. Hasil penelitian ini responden yang menginap dihutan didapat OR=3,06 (95% CI 1,66-5,61), setelah dikontrol dengan pemakaian kelambu OR--=4,53 (95% CI 2,31-8,90), setelah dikontrol dengan variabel pemakaian obat anti nyamuk OR-5,00 (95% CI 2,44-10,25), dan setelah dikontrol dengan variabel bila keluar rumah pada malam hari memakai pakaian tertutup OR=4,19 (95% CI 1,82-9,64), kemudian dikontrol dengan variabel ada tempat perindukan nyamuk OR=1,96 (95% CI 0,77-4,95). Ada hubungan pekerja yang menginap di hutan OR-3,06, pemakaian kelambu OR=4,29 pemakaian obat anti nyamuk O1 4,42, kebiasaan keluar rumah pada malam hari memakai pakaian tertutup OR=3,14, ada tempat perindukan nyamuk OR=4,12, pekerjaan berisiko OR 5,66 dengan kejadian malaria. Perlu ditingkatkan frekuensi penyuluhan oleh petugas Puskesmas Mandor tentang perlindungan diri dari gigitan nyamuk, agar dapat menunjang program pemberantasan malaria, dan penyebar luasan leaflet atau poster dalam bahasa setempat agar mudah dipahami, dan pemberian ikan pemakan jentik di rawa-rawa dengan maksud mengurangi populasi jentik
Malaria still belongs to a problem health in West Borneo, especially in villages possessing water stagnated environment which is potential for breeding of anopheles mosquito. In the county of Mandor, a part of people work in the forest, as tree faller or gold miner, rubber taper, and farmer. Due to the time efficiency or because of the long distance from the residential place, most of these workers lodge in the forest, so they are risky to be bitten by mosquito. The objectives of the research were to estimate the risk scale of the workers toward malaria cases after considering of mosquito breeding place, and to estimate scale of risk of the workers toward malaria cases based on the usage of mosquito net, usage of mosquito spray, usage of mosquito repellent, and the mode of dressed when they leaving the house in the night. This was a quantitative observational research using control study case approach. Based on statistical test, there was no significant correlation between malaria cases with knowledge of the symptoms of malaria, how malaria be infected, knowledge that malaria can be cured. The results of the research showed that respondents lodging in the forest OR= 3.06 (95% CI 1.66-5.61), after adjusted use mosquito net OR 4,53 (95% CI 2,31-8,90), after adjusted variable use mosquito spray OR--5,04 (95% CI 2,44-10,25), and after adjusted with variable Going out of home in the night wearing closed clothes OR-4,19 (95% CI 1,82-9,64), and then adjusted with variable availability of mosquito breeding place OR=1,96 (95% CI 0,77-4,95). There is correlation between malaria cases with workers lodging in the forest OR=3.06, usage of mosquito net OR=4.29, usage of mosquito spray OR-=4.42, habit going out of home in the night OR=4.13, wearing closed clothes when going out of home in the night OR=3.14, availability of mosquito breeding place OR= 4.12, and risky job OR=5.66. The frequency of illumination about self protection from the bites of mosquito held by Puskesmas officers should be increased in order to support the malaria elimination program and spreading of leaflets or posters in local language to ease the understanding, and spreading of mosquito larva consuming fish in the swamps to reduce the population of mosquito larva.
Kata Kunci : Kawat kasa, Kelambu, Kejadian Malaria.
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a parasite that lives in the bloodthrough the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito. Malaria is still a problem inIndonesia since 2015 the total number of 217.025 of malaria cases. In 2015,Lampung province has the most number of cases after Papua, East Nusa Tenggara,West Papua, Maluku, North Sumatera amount of positive 3,991 cases in which theDistrict Pesawaran a malaria endemic districts. The main purpose of this study wasto determine the relationship of behavior and breeding places on the incidence ofmalaria after controlling for potential confounders. This study is a case-controlstudy with a sample size of 180 respondents, with 60 cases and 120 controls aged≥ 15 years, using incident data. Data were analyzed by chi-square test, stratificationand logistic regression. After adjusting confounding variables installation of wirenetting significant relationship with the incidence of malaria (OR : 3,15 ; 95% CI :1,099-9,074; p = 0,033). Out of the house at night, insect repellent, use of mosquitonets, mosquito breeding places and distances breeding places are not relationshipwith the incidence of malaria. Age is a modification effect on the relationshipbetween the use of mosquito nets and malaria. The people should take steps toprevent the installation of wire netting perform at every home ventilation and closeany holes in the walls of houses that potentially could enter and use mosquitonetting when sleeping at night. The people should take steps to prevent malaria bydoing the installation of wire netting at each home ventilation and close any holesin the walls of houses that potentially could enter and use mosquito netting whensleeping at night
Kata Kunci : Wire Netting, Mosquito Net, Malaria.