Sejak tahun 1993, WHO telah mencanangkan TB sebagai global emergency karena pada saat itu diketahui bahwa Mycobacterium zuberculosis telah menginfeksi sepertiga penduduk yang ada di dunia Indonesia telah berkomitmcn untuk menanggulangi TB dengan strategi DOTS yang direkornendasikan oleh WHO sejak tahun 1993. Sehingga Indonesia juga mengikuti target dunia yaitu Mlleniwn Development Goals (MDG) dimana bertujuan umuk menurunkan prevalensi dan kematian TB 50% pada tahun 2015 (WI-i0,2006) sehingga saiah sam upaya untuk pencapaian target tersebut dengan ekspansi DOTS ke Lapas/Rutan. Banyak pengalaman dari negara lain yang mengindikasikan permasalaban TB di penjara, dan masalah ini tidak banyak berbeda denyn simasi Lapas/Rutan di Indonesia. Terbukti dari hasil penelitian terdahulu bahwa prevalensi TB di Rutan DKI adalah 7.5 kali lebih besar daripada populasi umum, hal ini menandakan bahwa beban TB dengan segala kompleksitas lingkungan Lapas/Rutan yang burnk mempermudah berkembangnya mycabacterium iuberculosis. Dari hasil asesment Gorgas TB Initiative dan surveilans mtin di Dinkes DKI dan Dinkes Kota Bogor mengindikasikan bahwa insiden TB dau jumlah kasus cukup tinggi dan cendenmg meningkat. Serta diketahui dari hasii asesmen bahwa kepadatan hunian sel mendominasi hampir seluruh penjara Indonesia. Penelitian ini mcrupakan studi yang dilakukan di Lapas/Rutan menggunakan rancangan studi kasus kontrol, dimana kasus adalah kejadian TB Pam BTA(+) pada narapidana yang sudah terjadi pada saat penelitian dilakukan, kemudian dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol sebagai suspek TB, dimana basil laboratorium BTA-nya adalah negatifi Adapun kelompok paparannya adalah kepadatan hunian sel sebagai variabel utama, dengan kovariatnya yaitu umur, pendidikan, lama dipenjara, indelcs masa tubuh, kontak dalam sel, merokok, pencahayaan dalam sel, ventilasi dan kelembapan. Populasi pada studi ini adalah seluruh napi yang teregister pada TB 06 (pemeriksaan tersangka/ suspek TB) pada April 2007 sd April 2008. Sampel dalam penelitian dengan perbandingan 112, terdiri dari 66 kasus, dimanal4 kasus benasal dari Lapas Paledang, dan 52 kasus asa! Rutan Salemba. Sedangkan kontrol berjumlah 132, terdiri dari 28 kontrol dari Lapas Palednng dan 104 dari Rutan Salemba. Analisis Multivariat yang digunakan adalah Regression Logiszic Binomial, rmtuk mengetahui hubungan kepadatan hunian sel penjara dengan kovariatnya terhadap kej adian TB Paru BTA(-I-). Hasil penelitian ini memperlihatkan hubungan yang bermakna antara kepadatan hunian sel penjara dengan TB Paru, p value = 0.001 dengan OR: 3.l0l, (95% CI; 1,560 - 6.l63) tanpa interaksi, dan dengan 3 (tiga) variabel perancu yaitu merokok, lama dipenjara dan kontak dalam kamar. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa napi yang tinggal di Lapas/Rutan yang padat berisiko 3.101 kali untuk sakit TB dibanding napi yang tinggal di kamar/blok yang tidak padat. Sedangkan hasil analisis bivariat mendapatkan hubungan yang bermaluna antara kontak dalam sel, lama dipenjara dan pendidikan dengan kcjadian TB Pam BTA(+). Berdasarkan hasil studi ini, peneliti memberikan saran kepada instansi terkait yaitu Lapas/Rutan tempat populasi penelitian diambil agar Lapas/Rutan mengurangi kepadatan. Bila sulit dilakukan maka memisahkan napi yang TB selama pengobatan fase intensif serta melakukan evaluasi triwulanan napi yang tersangka TB namun hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium dahaknya masih negatifi Bagi Dinkes Kota Bogor dan Sudinkes Jakarta Pusat, diharapkan dapat membuat jejaring dengan Lapas/ Rutan setempat dan memfokuskan untuk mengurangi dampak penularan Lapas/ Rutan serta membcrikan infonnasi tentang dampak merokok bagi kesehatan. Bagi Depkes dan Ditjen Pemasyarakatan agar mcngintensiikan program TB dengan program Lapas/Rutan sehat fokus perbaikan lingkungan fisik dan memperkuat strategi pcnanggulangan TB di Lapas/Rutan. Sedangkan saran bagi keilmuan dan penciiiian lanjutan agar memperkuat power penelitian dan menggunakan desain yang lebih baik (kohort retrospek1y'atau prospelctgj), serta meneliti insiden akibat kontak dalam sel dan risiko lama dipenjara.

Since 1993, WHO has determined TB as a global emergency because for that year it has been discovered that Mycobacterium tuberculosis has infected one third of population in the world. Indonesia has committed to prevent TB with DOTS strategy recommended by WHO since 1993. Subsequently Indonesia also carried out world target of Millenium Development Goals (MDG) aimed to decrease prevalence and mortality of TB 50% on 2015 (WHO, 2006) one of way to reach it is expansion of DOTS to jail. Many incidents hom another countries indicating problems of TB in jail, and it is not great diiTer from jail situation in Indonesia Previous result of research proved that TB prevalence in DKI is 7,5 times bigger than other population generally, this things indicates TB with kind of it’s had environment complexity of jail simplified spreading of mycobacterium tuberculosis. From the result of assessment Gorges TB Initiative and continue surveillances in Dinkes DKI and Dinlces Bogor indicating of TB incident and a high number of case and tends to increase. The density of jail’s room dwelling found in almost all of jail in Indonesia according to result of assessment. This research is study taken in jail using control case study, while the case is about incident of Lung TB at criminal had suffered in the time of research, compared with control group as TB suspect then, laboratory result showed their smear negative. The group of subjects are density of room dwelling as major variable, with age, education, occupation time in jail, body mass index, smoking, lighting in room’s jail, ventilation and humidity as covariate. Population in this study is all of registered prisoners at TB 06 (investigation of TB suspected) on April 2007 - April 2008. Study sample 1:2 proportionally consisted of 66 cases, 14 cases from Lapas Paledang, and 52 cases from Rutan Salemba. While control amount of 132, consist of 28 controls from Lapas Paledang and 104 from Rutan Salemba. Regression Logistic Binomial is used for xnultivariat analysis, to iind correlation density of room’s jail dwelling forward covariate to case of Lung TB. Result of this study shows signiiicant density of room’s jail dwelling with Lung TB, p value = 0.001 with OR : 3.101 (95% CI; 1.560-6.163) without intervention of interaction and 3 other variables confounding are smoking, occupation time in jail and contact with TB active in room’s jail. It is concluded that prisoners who occupied in density jail more risk 3.101 times get TB than jail with less density. While result of bivariat analysis has significant correlation between contact with TB active, occupation time in jail and education with Lung TB. Based on this study, researcher suggest to related institution in this case jail as place of population research to diminish a number of prisoners in their jail in order to handle over capacity problem. If it is hard to do then another way is by separating TB patient in intensive treatment phase and have an evaluation quarterly for suspected prisoners of TB yet result of laboratory investigation showed smear negative. It is expected for Dinkes Bogor and Sudinkes DKI Jakarta to make a great networking with regional jail, focus on decrease infection impact in jail and give an information about smoking effect for health. improvement of logistic supplies. Depkes and Ditjen Pemasyarakatan should intensity TB program with healthy jail program focusing on recondition physical environment and reinforce preventive strategic of TB in jail. Suggestion in science section and for the next study to be more powerful in it’s research and using better design of research (cohort retrospective or prospective), and also study the effect incident of interaction and occupation time in jail.

Asma merupakan salah satu penyakit pernapasan kronis yang dapat menyerang semua kelompok usia. Prevalensi penyakit asma terus mengalami peningkatan dari tahun ke tahun. Pada tahun 2019, tercatat sebanyak 262 juta penduduk dunia menderita penyakit asma dan sebanyak 461.000 kematian akibat asma. Pada tingkat nasional, prevalensi penyakit asma mencapai 2,4% pada tahun 2018. Tana Toraja merupakan salah satu kabupaten/kota yang termasuk dalam 10 kabupaten/kota di Indonesia dengan prevalensi asma tertinggi secara nasional (9,5%). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara faktor risiko lingkungan rumah dengan kejadian asma di Kabupaten Tana Toraja. Variabel independen yang diteliti dalam penelitian ini adalah pajanan asap rokok, asap kayu bakar, dan asap obat bakar nyamuk, keberadaan hewan peliharaan, tikus, kecoa, karpet lantai, polen, dan jamur, serta riwayat asma keluarga. Penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan desain penelitian case control. Sebanyak 148 masyarakat Tana Toraja terpilih dan bersedia mengikuti penelitian. Data penelitian diperoleh melalui pengisian kuesioner online dan wawancara via telepon. Data kemudian dianalisis secara univariat, bivariat, dan multivariat menggunakan software IBM SPSS Statistics 22. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pajanan asap kayu bakar (OR = 2,39; 95% CI = 1,13-5,04) dan riwayat asma keluarga (OR = 6,04; 95% CI = 2,26-16,11) merupakan faktor risiko penyakit asma dan memiliki hubungan yang bermakna dengan kejadian asma. Sedangkan pajanan asap rokok (OR = 1,57; 95% CI = 0,79-3,14), obat bakar nyamuk (OR = 0,56; 95% CI = 0,17-1,80) keberadaan anjing (OR = 1,03; 95% CI = 0,39-2,73), kucing (OR = 0,69; 95% CI = 0,35-1,40), burung (OR = 0,94; 95%CI = 0,31-2,88), tikus (OR = 1,19; 95% CI = 0,60-2,39), kecoa (OR = 0,86; 95% CI = 0,41-1,79), karpet lantai (OR = 0,88; 95% CI = 0,44-1,75), polen (OR = 1,87; 95% CI = 0,91-3,87), dan jamur (OR = 0,61; 95% CI = 0,27-1,39) tidak memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan kejadian asma secara statistik. Berdasarkan hasil analisis multivariat diketahui bahwa riwayat asma keluarga merupakan faktor risiko yang paling berpengaruh terhadap kejadian asma di Tana Toraja (p = 0,000).

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease that can affect all age groups. The prevalence of asthma continues to increase from year to year. In 2019, there were 262 million people worldwide suffering from asthma and as many as 461,000 deaths from asthma. At the national level, the prevalence of asthma reached 2.4% in 2018. Tana Toraja is one of the 10 districts/cities in Indonesia with the highest prevalence of asthma nationally (9,5%). This study aims to determine the relationship between risk factors in the home environment and the incidence of asthma in Tana Toraja Regency. The independent variables examined in this study were exposed to cigarette smoke, firewood smoke, and mosquito coils, the presence of pets, rats, cockroaches, floor carpets, pollen, and mold, and a family history of asthma. This research was conducted using a case-control tool research design. A total of 148 people from Tana Toraja were selected and agreed to participate in the research. The research data was obtained by filling out online questionnaires and telephone interviews. Data were then analyzed univariately, bivariate, and multivariate IBM SPSS Statistics 22 software. The results showed that exposure to firewood smoke (OR = 2,39; 95% CI = 1,13-5,04) and a family history of asthma (OR = 6,04; 95% CI = 2,26-16,11) is a risk factor for asthma and a significant relationship with the incidence of asthma. While exposure to cigarette smoke (OR = 1,57; 95% CI = 0,79-3,14), mosquito coils (OR = 0,56; 95% CI = 0,17-1,80) the presence of dogs (OR = 1,03; 95%CI = 0,39-2,73), cats (OR = 0,69; 95%CI = 0,35-1,40), birds (OR = 0,94; 95%CI = 0,31-2,88), mice (OR = 1,19; 95%CI = 0,60-2,39), cockroaches (OR = 0,86; 95%CI = 0,41-1,79 ), floor carpet (OR = 0,88; 95%CI = 0,44-1,75), pollen (OR = 1,87; 95%CI = 0,91-3,87), and mold (OR = 0,61; 95% CI = 0,27-1,39) did not have a statistically significant relationship with the incidence of asthma. Based on the results of a multivariate analysis it is known that a family history of asthma is the most important risk factor for the incidence of asthma in Tana Toraja (p = 0,000).

Environmental factors in connection with the TB Lung BTA (+) (case control study) in the city of Jambi 2000-2001As a living place, house is one of key basic need of human beings. A live able and healthy house is very important for people; a healthy one should fulfill health requirements such as physiological need, contagious disease and accident prevention. A sufficient lighting is a vital need of human in a cleaning house. The contagion of tuberculosis disease has tight relation to ventilation and lighting in the house. A house which doesn't have enough ventilation, a lack of lighting gives the bacteria an opportunity to breed, if there is a patient of tuberculosis in it, so it eases the contagion to other people living in it. TB Lungs Disease is still a problem of health; the generation of TB Lungs derives from contribution of some physical environment of house and respondents characteristics. Tuberculosis is a contagious disease that is generated by Mycobacterium tuberculosis germs; they usually enter the human body system via respiration to the lungs. The TB patients are much founded in unhealthy settlement, and lack of lighting and ventilation one that is under the health requirement. The objective of this research is to recognize the risk of contribution factors of physical environment of house and respondent characteristic toward TB Lungs patients in the city of Jambi. The methods of research design the control case. The samples were taken proportionally from 7 (seven) referred microscopic public health center (puskesmas), with 50 cases and 100 controls. The data are analyzed to verify hypotheses with univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses phase. Independent research variables for respondents characteristics; age, gender, length of living, nutrition grade, knowledge, and physical factors of house: ventilation, crowd of settlement, humidity, and lighting. The result of research shows respondents in Referred Microscopic Public Health Center (PRM); Pakuan Baru 26 % and 19 % controls, Putri Ayu 22% cases and 20% controls, Simpang Kawat 22% cases and 11 % controls. While PRM ; Koni, Simpang IV Sipin, Tanjung Pinang, and Olak Kemang 30% and 59 % controls. The result of bivariate analyses show the length of living, nutrition grade, knowledge, ventilation, crowd of settlement, bedroom and living room lighting, that statistically have significant connection for the appearance of TB Lungs with Odd Ratio 2.7 value (p3.021), 2.6 (p:1.008), 3.9 (p=0.001), 4.6 (p=4.0000) 3.S(p=0.000). 3.3(p).001), and 2.3 (p=0.015). From the result of multivariate analyses it is proved that house ventilation is the most contributed variable that arranges room temperature quality for the appearance of TB Lungs, statistically it shows significant relation p < 0.05 with Odd Ration 8.8 (p=0.000). It is suggested that a healthy house program should be promoted based on environment to perish TB Lungs. The renovation of TB Lungs patient, mostly, by building windows and glass made roof utilization and also performing intensive information spreading about tuberculoses disease knowledge through direct or indirect information sharing.