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Energy and other nutrients need are increase during pregnancy, especially in the third trimester of pregnancy. Malnutrition is not just a lack of food but also a combination of several factors such as inadequate consumption of protein, energy and micronutrients, the presence of infectious diseases, inadequate health services, poor water and sanitation. Pregnant women with poor nutritional status will experience nutritional problems such as chronic energy deficiency (CED). Pregnant women who have a risk of CED are having mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) < 23.5 cm. Pregnant women who are at risk of CED are expected to have LBW babies. The purpose of this study was to determine the related factors of chronic energy deficiency risk on pregnant women in Indonesia. This study used a cross-sectional design using secondary data from basic health research in 2018. The sample of this study was 3,341 respondents of third trimester pregnant women. Data were analyzed using Cox Regression to determine the prevalence ratio (PR) the related factors of chronic energy deficiency with a Confident Interval (CI95%) to see significance. The prevalence of CED risk on pregnant women in Indonesia is 14.9%. The results of multivariat analysis showed that the related factors of CED risk were number of family members > 4 peoples ( PR 1.388; CI95% 1.1611.661), rural residance (PR 1.337; CI95% 1.111-1.608), multigravida (PR 0.604; CI95% 0.503-0.726) and grandemultigravida (PR 0.722; CI95% 0.515-1.011). It is recomendet that the goverment provide nutrition consultasy services at the public health center, counseling by midwives in village, limiting the number of children in the community started with labor and empowering communities especially in rural areas.
Di Indonesia, prevalensi KEK pada ibu hamil meningkat dari 16,9% pada tahun 2018 menjadi 17% pada tahun 2023. Padahal, dalam rangka menekan angka KEK pada ibu hamil, pemerintah Indonesia sejak tahun 2014 menerapkan program intervensi gizi bagi ibu hamil diantaranya mengimplementasikan pemberian makanan tambahan sesuai bahan pangan lokal, pemberian tablet TTD, dan kelas ibu hamil. Meskipun program gizi dan kesehatan ibu telah lama diimplementasikan di Indonesia, masalah KEK pada ibu hamil masih menjadi salah satu bentuk malnutrisi yang belum tertangani secara efektif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan risiiko KEK pada ibu hamil berdasarkan data SKI 2023. Desain penelitian ini adalah cross sectional dengan sampel ibu hamil yang berada pada kehamilan trimester 3 dan menggunakan uji regresi logsitik sederhana untuk analisis bivariat. Dari 5.055 ibu hamil yang berhasil disurvey, terdapat 1.383 data yang eligible untuk digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian ini terdapat 153 (11,1%) ibu hamil dengan risiko KEK. Provinsi dengan kasus ibu hamil risiko KEK terbanyak di Indonesia adalah Jawa Tengah sebanyak 103 kasus (7,2%) sedangkan provinsi dengan kasus terendah adaalah Papua Pegunungan sebanyak 3 kasus (0,2%). Status sosial ekonomi keluarga terendah (OR 2,13; 95% CI 1,28 – 3,54), konsumsi buah ≤ 3 kali per bulan (OR 0,26; 95% CI 1,15 – 5,94), dan mengalami stres (OR 3,17; 95% CI 1,03 – 9,75) adalah faktor risiko yang berasosiasi dengan risiko KEK pada ibu hamil. Selain itu, faktor yang menunjukkan protektif terhadap risiko KEK pada ibu hamil adalah berumur > 35 tahun (OR 0,37; 95% CI 0,18 – 0,76). Oleh karena itu, program bantuan bagi keluarga ibu hamil miskin mampu mendukung pencegahan risiko KEK pada ibu hamil.
In Indonesia, the prevalence of CED among pregnant women increased from 16.9% in 2018 to 17% in 2023. In fact, in order to reduce the rate of CED in pregnant women, the Indonesian government since 2014 has implemented nutrition intervention programmes for pregnant women including implementing supplementary feeding according to local food ingredients, providing TTD tablets, and pregnant women's classes. Although nutrition and maternal health programmes have long been implemented in Indonesia, the problem of CED in pregnant women is still one of the forms of malnutrition that has not been effectively addressed. This study aims to determine the factors associated with the risk of CED in pregnant women based on SKI 2023 data. The design of this study was cross sectional with a sample of pregnant women who were in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy and used simple logistic regression test for bivariate analysis. Of the 5,055 pregnant women surveyed, 1,393 were eligible to be used in this study. The results of this study showed that there were 153 (11.1%) pregnant women at risk of CED. The province with the most cases of pregnant women at risk of CED in Indonesia was Central Java with 103 cases (7.2%) while the province with the lowest cases was Papua Mountains with 3 cases (0.2%). Lowest family socioeconomic status (OR 2.13; 95% CI 1.28 - 3.54), fruit consumption ≤ 3 times per month (OR 0.26; 95% CI 1.15 - 5.94), and experiencing stress (OR 3.17; 95% CI 1.03 - 9.75) were risk factors associated with the risk of CED in pregnant women. In addition, the factor that showed protective against the risk of CED in pregnant women was being > 35 years old (OR 0.37; 95% CI 0.18 - 0.76). Therefore, the assistance programme for families of poor pregnant women can support the prevention of the risk of CED in pregnant women.
Kata kunci: Diabetes mellitus (DM), Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), Lansia
Diabetes mellitus is a risk factors of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). MCI is a transition phase between healthy cognitive aging and dementia. The purpose of this study is to determaine the association between diabetes mellitus in elderly with the incidence of MCI in Cipayung Health Center, Depok city. Study design was cross sectional using primary data with validated Montreal cognitive test for Indonesia (MoCa-Ina). Total sample of 272 elderly people age more than 60 years-old. cox regression analysis were applied in the research. The result of study showed the prevalence of MCI is 47,1% and elderly with DM is 17,3%. The result of multivariate analysis showed the elderly people with diabetes mellitus probably had 2,4 risk to get MCI (PR = 2,436 95% CI: 1,191-4,983) than elderly with no diabetes after adjusted with hypertention and interaction diabetes with hypertention variable. Screaning early detection of MCI in elderly with diabetes mellitus is early intervention to prevent to dementia.
Key words: Diabetes mellitus (DM), Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), Elderly
