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Early marriage is defined as the marriage of a girl or boy before the age of 18. Early marriage has more negative implications for adolescent survival. An earlier marriage age will have an impact on the health of the mother and child, as well as increase morbidity and mortality. This study was conducted to determine trends and factors associated with early marriage in young women aged 15-24 years in Indonesia. This study used a cross-sectional study design with data sources derived from the secondary data from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey. The sample of this study was WUS aged 15-24 years who were married totaling 4,075 respondents. Data were analyzed using cox regression to determine the prevalence of the ratio of early marriage with the variables suspected as risk factors. Significance was assessed by looking at the 95% confident interval (CI). Meanwhile, to analyze trends, survey data were used from 1987 to 2017. The results of this study show that the trend of early marriage among women 15-24 years of age in Indonesia has decreased, namely 57.8% to 40.0%. From the analysis, it was found that 40.0% of respondents who were married were aged <18 years. Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that current age, age at first sexual intercourse, education level, internet exposure, age differences with partners, and differences in education levels with partners are all factors that influence a person in deciding to marry at a young age or not. . In this case, it can be seen that the level of education has the highest rate as a risk factor for early marriage so that strengthening the educational factor is needed to reduce the rate of early marriage among women in Indonesia.
Latar belakang: Praktik Pemotongan/Perlukaan Genitalia Perempuan (P2GP) merupakan pelanggaran hak asasi perempuan. Prevalensi P2GP di Indonesia yang dilaporkan tahun 2021 mencapai 50,5% pada perempuan berusia 15–49 tahun, dengan 55,0% anak mereka juga mengalami P2GP. Peningkatan prevalensi dari generasi sebelumnya ke generasi saat ini menandakan masalah ini belum sepenuhnya teratasi. Tujuan: Mengetahui gambaran kejadian P2GP pada anak dari ibu berusia 15–64 tahun di Indonesia tahun 2024 dan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhinya. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan data Survei Pengalaman Hidup Perempuan Nasional 2024 dengan desain potong lintang. Sampel penelitian ini terdiri dari 5.653 perempuan berusia 15–64 tahun yang memiliki anak perempuan hidup dan tinggal serumah . Analisis data dilakukan dengan uji Chi-square dan regresi logistik sederhana. Hasil: Prevalensi P2GP pada anak di Indonesia sebesar 47,9%. Faktor individu yang berasosiasi positif dengan P2GP pada anak meliputi usia ibu 55–64 tahun (dibandingkan usia ibu 15-24 tahun) (OR = 1,38, 95% CI: 1,02–1,87), pendidikan ibu tingkat dasar (dibandingkan tingkat tinggi) (OR = 1,20; 95% CI: 1,01–1,41), pendidikan ayah tingkat dasar dan menengah (dibandingkan tingkat tinggi) (OR = 1,40; 95% CI: 1,16–1,69), ibu beragama Islam (dibandingkan lainnya) (OR = 83,58; 95% CI: 44,65–156,44), status ekonomi terendah hingga menengah (dibandingkan teratas) (OR = 1,58; 95% CI: 1,34–1,88), ibu tidak bekerja (OR = 1,15; 95% CI: 1,04–1,28), serta ibu dengan riwayat P2GP serta tidak tahu/tidak ingat dan tidak menjawab (dibandingkan tanpa riwayat P2GP) (OR = 134,37; 95% CI: 106,36–169,76) dan mendukung kelanjutan P2GP dan tidak tahu (dibandingkan mendukung penghentian) (OR = 36,89; 95% CI: 31,27–43,52). Faktor komunitas yang berasosiasi positif dengan P2GP pada anak adalah wilayah dengan keberadaan P2GP (dibandingkan tanpa keberadaan P2GP) (OR = 22,62; 95% CI: 19,58–26,12) serta tinggal di wilayah Kalimantan (OR = 1,94; 95% CI: 1,54–2,44), Maluku (OR = 2,05; 95% CI: 1,29–3,24), Sulawesi (OR = 1,61; 95% CI: 1,32–1,97), dan Sumatra (OR = 2,70; 95% CI: 2,35–3,09) (dibandingkan Jawa). Sementara itu, tinggal di perdesaan (OR = 0,82; 95% CI: 0,72 – 0,91) serta di Kepulauan Sunda Kecil (OR = 0,36; 95% CI: 0,27–0,49) dan Papua (OR = 0,27; 95% CI: 0,16–0,43) (dibandingkan Jawa) berasosiasi negatif dengan P2GP pada anak. Kesimpulan: Penghapusan P2GP memerlukan penegakan regulasi, perluasan akses pendidikan kesehatan reproduksi komprehensif, pengawasan fasilitas kesehatan, kolaborasi dengan tokoh agama, pemberdayaan perempuan oleh pemerintah, serta penolakan aktif terhadap P2GP oleh masyarakat.
Background: Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) is a violation of women’s human rights as it provides no health benefits and interferes with the natural functions of the female body. In Indonesia, the prevalence of FGM/C in 2021 reached 50.5% among women aged 15–49 years, with 55.0% of their daughters also having undergone the practice. The increased prevalence from the previous generation to the current one indicates that this issue remains unresolved. Objective: To describe the prevalence of FGM/C among daughters of women aged 15–64 years in Indonesia in 2024 and the associated factors. Methods: This study used data from the 2024 National Survey on Women’s Life Experiences with a cross-sectional design. The sample consisted of 5.653 women aged 15–64 years who had at least one living daughter residing in the same household. Data were analyzed using Chi-square and logistic regression tests. Results: The prevalence of FGM/C in children in Indonesia is 47.9%. Individual factors positively associated with FGM/C in children include: maternal age 55–64 years (compared to 15–24 years) (OR = 1.38; 95% CI: 1.02–1.87), maternal primary education (compared to higher education) (OR = 1.20; 95% CI: 1.01–1.41), paternal primary and secondary education (compared to higher education) (OR = 1.40; 95% CI: 1.16–1.69), Muslim mothers (compared to others) (OR = 83.58; 95% CI: 44.65–156.44), lowest to middle economic status (compared to the highest) (OR = 1.58; 95% CI: 1.34–1.88), unemployed mothers (OR = 1.15; 95% CI: 1.04–1.28), mothers with a history of FGM/C and who did not know/did not remember and did not respond (compared to those without a history) (OR = 134.37; 95% CI: 106.36–169.76), and mothers who support the continuation of FGM/C and are unsure (compared to those who support its discontinuation) (OR = 36.89; 95% CI: 31.27–43.52). Community-level factors positively associated with FGM/C in children include: living in areas where FGM/C is practiced (compared to areas where it is not) (OR = 22.62; 95% CI: 19.58–26.12), and residing in Kalimantan (OR = 1.94; 95% CI: 1.54–2.44), Maluku (OR = 2.05; 95% CI: 1.29–3.24), Sulawesi (OR = 1.61; 95% CI: 1.32–1.97), and Sumatra (OR = 2.70; 95% CI: 2.35–3.09) (compared to Jawa). Meanwhile, living in rural areas (OR = 0,82; 95% CI: 0,72 – 0,91), the Lesser Sunda Islands (OR = 0,36; 95% CI: 0,27–0,49), and Papua (OR = 0,27; 95% CI: 0,16–0,43) is negatively associated with FGM/C in children (compared to Java). Conclusion: Efforts to eliminate FGM/C in Indonesia require enforcement of current regulations, expansion of access to comprehensive reproductive health education, health facility oversight, intersectoral collaboration including religious leaders, the empowerment of women, and active public rejection of FGM/C.
