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Pembangunan kesehatan di negara sedang berkembang pada umumnya menghadapi masalah rendahnya alokasi anggaran untuk sektor kesehatan. Hal ini diperberat dengan tingginya laju inflasi di bidang kesehatan. Faktor lain yang mengakibatkan meningkatnya biaya kesehatan adalah transisi epidemiologi, semakin tingginya proporsi usia lanjut, meningkatnya teknologi kedokteran, serta sistem pembiayaan dan pembayaran yang tidak efisien.Ketika pasien tidak menanggung biaya karena dibayar oleh perusahaan tempat bekerja atau oleh perusahaan asuransi komersial dan pembayaran dilakukan secara fee .for service maka dengan mudah provider menciptakan permintaan baru. Situasi ini mendorong permintaan yang lebih tinggi oleh konsumen dan memberi insentif kepada provider untuk memberikan pelayanan kesehatan secara berlebihan.Untuk memotret perbedaan biaya dari ke tiga jenis pembayar dalam penanganan pasien penyakit demam tifoid yang dirawat inap di kelas satu rumah sakit MMC Jakarta tahun 2001. Dilakukan studi perbandingan penanganan pasien antara ke tiga jenis pembayar tersebut.Desain penelitian ini menggunakan desain non eksperimental dengan pendekatan deskriptif kuantitatif. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap pasien demam tifoid yang dirawat inap di kelas satu rumah sakit MMC Jakarta pada tahun 2001. Jumlah pasien 65 orang karena adanya kriteria inklusi penelitian maka jumlah populasinya tinggal 56 orang. Oleh karena populasinya yang relatif kecil maka dilakukan pengambilan sampel secara total sampling.Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa: Tidak ada perbedaan pemberian pemeriksaan penunjang medis dan biaya pemeriksaan penunjang medis antara ke tiga jenis pembayar, di antara subvariabel pengobatan dan jenis pembayar ditemukan satu perbedaan bermakna dalam pemberiaan obat antitusive dan ekspektoran namun secara keseluruhan tidak ada perbedaan dalam pemberiaan obat dan biaya obat antara ke tiga jenis pembayar tersebut, tidak ada perbedaan rata-rata lama hari rawat dan biaya sewa kamar antara ke tiga jenis pembayar. Tidak ada perbedaan total biaya perawatan pada ketiga jenis pembayar.Saran yang diberikan adalah bagi rumah sakit sebaiknya perlu kehati-hatian dalam menulis resume kelas perawatan dan kode ICD pasien yang di rawat, bagi pihak asuransi perlu melakukan kesepakatan dengan rumah sakit dalam hal penentuan biaya administrasi dan penetapan jenis obat yang diberikan pada pasien, sedangkan bagi rumah sakit perlu mengadakan resume medis bila rata-rata biaya perawatan demam tifoid melebihi rata-rata total biaya perawatan demam tifoid di kelas satu.
Treatment Cost Analyses for Typhoid Fever Patient at Inpatient Hospitalized at MMC Jakarta Based on type of Payment Determined for Year 2001Health development in developing country in general is facing the problem of low budget allocation for health sector. It also burdened by the high rate of inflation on the field of health. Which also affect the risk of epidemiological transition, the proportion of elderly, and medical technology, also inefficiency on the fee and payment system.When the patient is not paying for the fee since it is paid by the company where they work or the health insurance company and the payment is conducted by fee of service, so the provider easily create new request. This situation in encourages to the high of request by consumer and gives the provider incentive in providing unnecessary health services.To describe the different cost form three kinds of payment in handling the patient of typhoid fever that hospitalized at I-class of MMC Hospital in 2001, it has been conducted comparison study in handling the patient among the three kinds.The study design used non-experimental with quantitative approach. This study is conducted on the patient of typhoid fever that hospitalized at I-class of MMC Hospital in 2001. The number of patient is 65 people, since there were criteria in inclusion study, so the population is only 56 peoples. Because the sample is relatively small, so the study is conducted on the sample total sampling.Based on this study, it can be concluded that there is not many different in giving medical support examination and the fee of medical supporting examination among the three kinds of payment system. Between sub-variable of treatment and the kind of payment, it was found one significant different in giving antitusive medicine and expectorant, however in the entire perspective there is no different in giving medicine and medicine fee among the three kinds of payment system. There is no different on the average between the day of hospitalized and fee of room rental among the three payment system. So it can be concluded that there are no significant different in on the total fees of treatment on the three kinds of payment system.It is recommended to the Hospital that it code ICD patient must be written with care. For insurance party should conduct agreement with the hospital in stating the administration fee and kind of medicine that should be given to the patient. While for hospital, should conduct medical summary if the average cost of treatment of typhoid fever went over the average total cost of treatment of typhoid fever at I-class.
Dalam rangka mempertahankan status kesehatan masyarakat selama krisis ekonomi, upaya kesehatan diprioritaskan untuk mengatasi dampak krisis. Perhatian khusus diberikan kepada kelompok beresiko dari keluarga miskin agar kesehatannya tidak memburuk dan tetap hidup produktif, melalui pemberian Kartu Sehat. Meskipun program ini telah berjalan di Kabupaten Karawang sejak tahun 1998, tetapi pemanfaatannya masih rendah (52,4%).Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran pemanfaatan rawat jalan puskesmas serta faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan pemanfaatan rawat jalan puskesmas oleh pemegang Kartu Sehat JPSBK di Kabupaten Karawang.Rancangan penelitian ini adalah rancangan cross sectional untuk mengetahui hubungan pendidikan, umur, pengetahuan, jumlah keluarga, pola pencarian pelayanan kesehatan, kejadian sakit, jumlah balita, jumlah usila, jarak dan persepsi terhadap pelayanan kesehatan dengan pemanfaatan rawat jalan puskesmas oleh pemegang Kartu Sehat. Sebagai responden adalah kepala keluarga pemegang kartu sehat JPSBK di empat puskesmas di wilayah kabupaten karawang berjumlah 382 responden yang dipilih secara acak.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor pendidikan, umur, pengetahuan, pola pencarian pelayanan kesehatan, kejadian sakit, jumlah usila, persepsi terhadap pelayanan kesehatan serta jarak berhubungan dengan pemanfaatan rawat jalan puskesmas. Sebanyak 52,4% dari responden pernah memanfaatkan kartu sehatnya.Dari delapan faktor yang berhubungan, faktor pola pencarian pelayanan kesehatan adalah faktor yang mempunyai hubungan paling erat dengan OR 35,613 (CI 9.601- 132,093).Agar pemanfaatan kartu sehat bisa lebih baik lagi, perlu peningkatan kerja sama lintas sektoral dalam melaksanakan sosialisasi program ini, bekerjasama dengan Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat serta meningkatkan pelayanan puskesmas dan kunjungan rumah terhadap pemegang kartu sehat.
Analysis on Primary Health Care Out-patient by Health of Card Holder Social Protection Sector Development Program (SPSDP) in Karawang District Year 2001To maintain community health status during economic crisis, health services should be prioritized to encounter the impact. A great concern is dedicated for risky group poor family to maintain their health condition and productive life.This research aimed to find out the characteristic of health card holder, description of outpatient services use as well as its determinants.The research used a cross sectional design to find out the relationship of education, age, knowledge, the number of family, health seeking pattern, morbidity case, number of family member under five, number of elderly, the distance and perception on health services use by health card holders.Respondents are head of households who owned health card (Social Protection Sector Development Program) at four Primary Health Center (PHC) in Karawang District. Simple random sampling is the method to select 330 respondents.The result revealed that education, age, knowledge, health seeking pattern, morbidity case, number of elderly, the distance and perception of health services are related with PHC's out patient use. The study showed that 52, 4% respondents have used their health card.Health seeking pattern factor has had close relationship where the OR was 35,613 (CI 9,601- 132,093). Health card use will be much better and successfully achieved if inter sectoral could be strengthen, cooperation, as well as relationship with non government organization along with special emphasis on improving PHC's services as well.
Tarif pelayanan persalinan di Puskesmas Cimanggis Kota Depok yang berlaku saat ini adalah Rp. 75.000,0. Tarif ini sudah tidak sesuai lagi dengan kebutuhan operasional kamar bersalin di Puskesmas di mana Puskesmas harus melaksanakan tugas dan fungsinya sebagai tempat pertolongan persalinan yang bermutu dengan tidak hanya selalu bergantung kepada subsidi Pemerintah.Dengan penyesuaian tarif diharapkan terwujud maksimalisasi pelayanan, karena tarif yang sesuai dengan kemampuan membayar masyarakat akan meningkatkan utilisasi. Penyesuaian tarif dilakukan melalui analisa tarif yang berdasarkan biaya satuan pelayanan persalinan ,tingkat pengembalian biaya, tingkat kemampuan (ability to pay ATP) dan kebijakan tarif dan tarif pesaing yang setara.Penelitian ini merupakan studi kasus yang dilakukan di unit kamar bersalin Puskesmas Cimanggis Kota Depok, yaitu menganalisa biaya dengan menggunakan data tahun 2000 dan menggunakan metode double distribution. Adapun untuk menilai tingkat kemampuan dan kemauan masyarakat membayar yaitu dengan mengolah data hasil survei terhadap masyarakat Kabupaten Bogor. Kemampuan masyarakat menurut ATP adalah : 92 % masyarakat mampu membayar Rp 72.000,0 ; 72% masyarakat mampu membayar Rp 270.000,0.; 50% masyarakat mampu membayar Rp.504.000,00.Dari hasil analisa biaya kamar bersalin, didapatkan biaya satuan aktual Rp.585.593,00 dan biaya satuan normative Rp.524.626,00 Tarif pertolongan persalinan yang akan disarankan adalah Rp. 270.000,0. Saran perubahan tarif tersebut disambut baik oleh kepala Dinas Kesehatan Kota Depok serta Kepala Puskesmas Cimanggis, selanjutnya akan diusulkan ke Pemda untuk diproses lebih lanjut.Daftar Pustaka : 21 (1996 - 2001)
A Case Study of Birth Delivery Rational Price Analysis at Puskesmas Cimanggis, City of Depok, 2002The current price of delivery service at Puskesmas Cimanggis City of Depok is Rp75.000,-. Considering the tasks and functions of Puskesmas as quality delivery service place that does not depend on government's support, the current price is not suitable with operational need of birth delivery room in Puskesmas. It is expected that price adjustment would maximize the service, because the appropriate price that is in line with people's ability to pay would increase utilization.The price adjustment was conducted through price analysis based on the unit cost of birth delivery service, cost recovery rate, ability to pay (ATP), price policy, and competitor's price. This study is a study case that was conducted in Birth Delivery Room Unit at Puskesmas Cimanggis City of Depok by analyzing the cost using double distribution method. The assessment of the ability to pay and the willingness to pay of the people in the District of Bogor was conducted by processing data from the survey result. The ability to pay according to ATP1 was 92% of people were able to pay as much as Rp72.000, 00; 72% of people were able to pay as much as Rp270.000,00 and 50% of people were able to pay as much as Rp504.000,00.Based on the cost analysis of birth delivery room of this study, the actual unit cost was Rp585.593, 00 and normative unit cost was Rp524.626,00. Nevertheless, the recommended price of birth delivery service is Rp270.000, 00. The recommendation of the price change is accepted by the Head of District Health Office as well as the Head of Puskesmas Cimanggis. Furthermore, the next step would be proposing this pricing to the Local Government.References: 21 (1996 - 2001)
Analysis of Accounts Payable Management System of Pasar Rebo District Hospital's In-Patient Department in the Year 2001Hospital is one of health services that are required to provide good quality of services within affordable price for the society. A hospital is an enterprise with characteristics of dynamic, technological based, large capital investment and requires a considerable amount of personnel, and multidiscipline. In addition, the enterprise is also highly interactive with its environment, which in result requires a highly complex management. Financial management is an essential component of hospital management and if it is properly managed will significantly contribute to the development of the hospital, with the specific focus on the effort to increase the functional income of the hospital. This increase will in turn recovers the operational and investment cost (cost recovery).
