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Kata kunci:Waria, faktor, HIV, IMS
HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STI) are public health problem that veryimportant to be considered. As key population of HIV transmissions, Transgender needto be given special intention so its transmission to the general population can beprevented. Based on the Integrated Biological and Behaviour Survey (IBSS) 2011 and2015, the prevalence of STI such as syphilis, clamidia, and gonorrhea on Transgender hasdecreased, while HIV prevalence has increased from 22% to 25%. This study discussesthe factors related to the incidence of HIV and STI among Transgender in 5 cities inIndonesia using data Integrated Biological Behavioral Surveillance (IBBS) in 2015. Thisstudy is a quantitative study with a cross sectional study design followed the design ofthe study on IBBS 2015. The result showed that factors related to HIV dan STI onTransgender in 5 cities are age, education, employment, comprehensive knowledge,consistency of use of condoms, consistency of the use of lubricant, number of anal sexpartners, use of injectable drugs, use of silicone injections, alcohol consumption beforesex, HIV tests, and visits to STI services. The results of the this study showed that the useof silicone injections was the most influential factor on the status of HIV on Transgenderin 5 cities in Indonesia (OR = 1.68).
Key words:Transgender, factors, HIV, STI.
Kata Kunci:Waria, determinan, HIV
HIV and AIDS is a public health problem that requires serious attention. Waria askey populations, the prevalence needs to be controlled to not spread to the generalpopulation. Based on the Integrated Biological and Behavioural Surveillance(IBBS) 2007 and 2011, the prevalence of HIV on the transgender has notdemonstrated a significant reduction (24% in 2007 and 22% in 2011). The aim ofthis study is to discuss the determinants of HIV on transgenders in 5 cities inIndonesia using data Integrated Biological and Behavioral Surveillance (IBBS) in2011. This study is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional study designfollowed the design of the study on IBBS 2011. The results showed that thedeterminant of HIV status on transgender in 5 cities in Indonesia, are age, durationinvolved sex work, education, history of STIs, job as a sex worker, number of analsex clients, consistency use of condoms and lubricants, HIV testing, and STIclinic visits. Results of this study indicate transgender job is the greatest riskfactor of HIV status on transgender in 5 cities in Indonesia (OR = 2.36).
Key words:Transgender, determinants, HIV
ABSTRAK Tingkat penggunaan kondom pada kelompok Waria sebesar 39% pada tahun 2007 terjadi sedikit peningkatan sebesar 36% tahun 2011 (Kemenkes 2011), tetapi masih dibawah target (60%) (KPAN, 2010). Penggunaan kondom pada seks komersial dipengaruhi oleh kemampuan penjaja seks untuk menawarkan pemakaian kondom ketika berhubungan seks kepada pelanggannya. Dari penjaja seks yang tidak pernah menawarkan penggunaan kondom kepada pelanggannya ternyata pemakaian kondom pada seks komersial terakhir cukup rendah, hanya sekitar 10–20%. Determinan yang diduga berhubungan dengan perilaku Waria dalam menawarkan penggunaan kondom kepada pasangan seks antara lain : umur, tingkat pendidikan, pengetahuan pencegahan HIV/AIDS, riwayat IMS, kemudahan memperoleh kondom, lama melakukan seks komersil, kontak dengan petugas, konsumsi alkohol/napza sebelum berhubungan seks. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui determinan perilaku Waria dalam menawarkan penggunaan kondom kepada pasangan seks. Penelitian ini menggunakan data STBP tahun 2011 yang dilakukan di 5 kota besar di Indonesia, dengan desain studi Cross Sectional. Jumlah data yang dapat dianalisis sebanyak 684. Hasil menunjukan bahwa proporsi Waria yang menawarkan penggunaan kondom kepada pasangan seks sebesar 81,3%. Determinan yang berhubungan signifikan adalah kontak dengan petugas (p=0,000), OR = 3,847 (95% CI= 2,507– 5,902) dan kemudahan memperoleh kondom (p=0,000), OR = 3,010 (95% CI= 1,934–4,685). Umur, tingkat pendidikan, pengetahuan pencegahan HIV/AIDS, riwayat IMS, lama melakukan seks komersil dan konsumsi alkohol/Napza sebelum melakukan hubungan seks tidak berhubungan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut, maka saran yang dapat diberikan adalah peningkatan frekuensi kontak petugas dengan Waria baik petugas dari pemerintah maupun dari LSM yang peduli terhadap masalah HIV/AIDS dengan Waria untuk membahas risiko tertular HIV dan cara pencegahannya terutama tentang pentingnya menggunakan kondom dalam hubungan seks berisiko dan menjamin agar kondom selalu tersedia dan terjangkau dalam jumlah cukup terutama di dalam tempat kerja Waria.
ABSTRACT Levels of condom usage on MTF transgender group was found 39% at 2007, there was a increase of 36% in 2011 (Ministry of Health, 2011), still below the target (60%) (KPA, 2010). Condom usage in commercial sex is influenced by the ability to negotiation sex workers condom usage to sex patner. At sex workers who do not ever negotiation to sex patner of condom usage turns was found condom usage at last sex is quite low, only about 10-20%. Determinants related to MTF transgender behavior in condom usage negotiation to sex partner among others: age, level of education, knowledge of HIV/AIDS, STI history, ease of obtaining condoms, old of commercial sex, contact with the officer, the consumption of alcohol/drugs before sex. The purpose of this study to knowing determinants of MTF transgender behavior in condom usage negotiation to sex partner. This study uses producted IBBS conducted in 2011 in 5 major cities in Indonesia, with a cross-sectional study design. The amount of data that can be analyzed as many as 684. Results showed that the proportion of MTF transgender behavior in condom usage negotiation to sex partner was 81.3%. Determinants significantly related are contact with the officer (p = 0.000), OR = 3.847 (95% CI = 2.507 to 5.902) and the ease of obtaining condoms (p = 0.000), OR = 3.010 (95% CI = 1.934 to 4.685). Age, level of education, knowledge of HIV / AIDS, STI history, the old of commercial sex and alcohol / drugs before sex are not related. Based on these results, the suggestions can be given are to increase the frequency of contact of the officers with MTF transgender both officers of the government and NGOs concerned with the problem of HIV/AIDS with MTF transgender to discuss the risk constracting HIV and how to prevent it, especially about the importance of condom usage in unsafe sexual behavior; and affordable in sufficient quantities, especially in the workplace MTF transgender.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan prevalensi HIV lebih tinggi pada Penasun dewasa madya, namun meningkat 10% pada Penasun dewasa muda. Analisis multivariabel menunjukkan perilaku berisiko yang dapat meningkatkan status HIV positif tahun 2011 pada Penasun dewasa muda adalah mulai menyuntik NAPZA pada usia ≤ 18 tahun, tidak mengurangi praktik setting basah, pernah melakukan hubungan seks, berhubungan seks dengan lebih dari 1 orang, dan tidak konsisten menggunakan kondom; sedangkan pertama kali menyuntik dan berhubungan seks pada usia ≤ 18 tahun dapat meningkatkan risiko HIV positif pada Penasun dewasa madya.
Pada tahun 2015 perilaku berisiko yang dapat meningkatkan status HIV positif pada Penasun dewasa muda adalah menyuntik NAPZA pada usia ≤ 18 tahun, pinjam meminjam jarum, dan tidak konsisten menggunakan kondom; sedangkan pertama kali menyuntik pada usia ≤ 18 tahun, dan memiliki pasangan seks tidak tetap dapat meningkatkan risiko HIV positif pada Penasun dewasa madya. Perlu adanya peningkatan layanan pencegahan HIV ke Penasun dewasa muda dan intervensi terhadap jejaring Penasun.
Kata kunci : Penasun, dewasa muda, dewasa madya, perilaku berisiko HIV
IDU is population-at-risk that has the highest HIV prevalance in Indonesia. This study aims to know different risk behavior among young adult and middle-aged adult IDU in 3 cities in Indonesia. This study design is cross sectional by using IBBS data 2011 and 2015. Samples in this study were IDU in 3 cities in Indonesia that meet inclusion and exclusion criteria.
The result shows that HIV prevalence is higher among middle-aged adult IDU, but increase 10% among young adult IDU. Multivariable analysis shows risk behaviors that increase risk of HIV positive among young adult IDU in 2011 are age at first injection ≤ 18 years, not reduce sharing drugs with water, ever had sex, and having multiple sex partners; whereas first injection and first had sex at ≤ 18 years old increase risk of HIV positive status among middle-aged adult IDU.
In 2015, risk behaviors that increase HIV positive status among young adult IDU are age at first injection ≤ 18 years, sharing syringes to inject, and not consistent using condom; whereas first injection at ≤ 18 years old and having casual sex partner increase risk of HIV positive among middle-aged adult IDU. Prevention HIV services should be improved for young adult IDU and also network intervention should be improved.
Keywords : IDU, young adult, middle-aged adult, hiv risk behavior
Hypertension is one of the public health problems in Indonesia with the highest prevalence in elderly. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with undiagnosed hypertension among elderly in Indonesia. The design of this study is cross-sectional using secondary data from the results of the 2018 basic health research survey. The sample in this study was the entire population aged ≥60 years in Indonesia who had not been diagnosed with hypertension, which was 70,127 people. Data were analyzed by simple logistic regression (bivariate) and multiple logistic regression (multivariate). The results showed that the prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension among elderly in Indonesia was 52.4%. Age, gender, education level, area of residence, consumption of salty food, smoking behavior, and physical activity are the factors associated with undiagnosed hypertension among elderly in Indonesia, with age as the most associated factor (AOR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.36-1.52). To reduce the prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension among elderly, the government is expected to focus on strengthening promotion, screening, and health surveillance on elderly
