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Ratna Maya Paramita; Pembimbing: Haryoto Kusnoputranto; Penguji: Ririh Yudhastuti, Margareta Maria Sintorini, Suyud Warno Utomo, Budi Hartono
Abstrak:
COVID-19 ditetapkan menjadi pandemi global oleh WHO sejak 11 Maret 2020. Infeksi COVID-19 disebabkan oleh virus SARS-Cov-2 yang dapat menular dari manusia ke manusia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi gambaran hubungan faktor iklim dan PM2,5 dengan kasus konfirmasi COVID-19 di Kota Surabaya tahun 2020. Desain penelitian menggunakan studi ekologi time series analysis dengan durasi penelitian mulai Maret hingga November 2020. Data sekunder diperoleh dari institusi pemerintahan terkait, yaitu BMKG Perak I Kota Surabaya, DLH Surabaya, dan Dinas Kesehatan Kota Surabaya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa suhu udara, kelembaban udara, curah hujan, dan konsentrasi PM2,5 memiliki hubungan dengan kasus konfirmasi COVID-19 dengan kekuatan hubungan masing-masing adalah 0,305, 0,249, 0,329, dan 0,114. Semua hubungan tersebut memiliki arah yang negatif. Dinas Kesehatan Kota Surabaya dapat membantu pembuatan kebijakan dan persiapan pencegahan penularan COVID-19 dengan ketersediaan informasi kelembaban udara, suhu udara, dan curah hujan beberapa hari kedepan melalui kerja sama dengan BMKG. Kata kunci: COVID-19, iklim, PM2,5, studi ekologi
COVID-19 have been declared as global pandemic by WHO at March 11 th , 2020. Infection of COVID-19 is caused by SARS-Cov-2 that human to human transmission. The aim of this study is to capture the relation between climate factor and concentration of PM2,5 with confirmation cases of COVID-19 in Surabaya City, 2020. Data provider for this study are Board of Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics (BMKG) Perak I Surabaya, Surabaya Environmental Office, and Surabaya Health Office. Research design of this study is ecological study-time series analysis from March to November 2020. This study found that negative correlation between climate factor, like air temperature, humidity, precipitation, concentration of PM2,5 with confirmation cases of COVID-19. The strenght of correlation were 0,305, 0,249, 0,329, and 0,114 respectively. Surabaya Health Office need to cooperate with BMKG as climate data provider, like weather prediction information for helping regulation maker and purpose preparation to prevent the transmission of COVID-19
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COVID-19 have been declared as global pandemic by WHO at March 11 th , 2020. Infection of COVID-19 is caused by SARS-Cov-2 that human to human transmission. The aim of this study is to capture the relation between climate factor and concentration of PM2,5 with confirmation cases of COVID-19 in Surabaya City, 2020. Data provider for this study are Board of Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics (BMKG) Perak I Surabaya, Surabaya Environmental Office, and Surabaya Health Office. Research design of this study is ecological study-time series analysis from March to November 2020. This study found that negative correlation between climate factor, like air temperature, humidity, precipitation, concentration of PM2,5 with confirmation cases of COVID-19. The strenght of correlation were 0,305, 0,249, 0,329, and 0,114 respectively. Surabaya Health Office need to cooperate with BMKG as climate data provider, like weather prediction information for helping regulation maker and purpose preparation to prevent the transmission of COVID-19
T-6158
Depok : FKM-UI, 2021
S2 - Tesis Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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Eka Hartomy; Pembimbing: Laila Fitria; Penguji: R. Budi Haryanto, Ririn Arminsih Wulandari, Dadang Iskandar, Fathurrohim
Abstrak:
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COVID-19 adalah penyakit yang ditetapkan oleh World Health Organization (WHO) sebagai pandemi. Pada November 2022, positivity rate COVID-19 di Kota Serang dalam 7 hari terakhir adalah 19,61% dan lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan Kabupaten Lebak (18,67%), Kota Cilegon (18,41%), Kabupaten Serang (16,02%), dan Kabupaten Pandeglang (13,47%). Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui hubungan suhu, kelembaban, curah hujan, kecepatan angin, dan lama penyinaran matahari dengan kasus COVID-19, menganalisis model prediksi kasus dan faktor cuaca dominan terhadap kasus COVID-19 di Kota Serang. Desain studi penelitian menggunakan ekologi tren waktu. Penelitian dilakukan pada Februari – Maret 2023 menggunakan data cuaca dan kasus COVID-19 di Kota Serang Maret 2020 – Desember 2022. Analisis data menggunakan analisis univariat, uji korelasi, uji regresi linier berganda, dan analisis spasial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Kecamatan Serang menjadi wilayah dengan kasus terbanyak. Suhu (r=-0,263) dan kecepatan angin (r=0,258) berhubungan dengan kasus COVID-19 mingguan. Pada lag 1 minggu, suhu (r=-0,366) dan lama penyinaran matahari (r=-0,179) berhubungan dengan kasus COVID-19. Pada lag 2 minggu, suhu (r=-0,348) dan lama penyinaran matahari (r=-0,214) berhubungan dengan kasus COVID-19. Model prediksi kasus COVID-19 adalah ln(Y) = 95,020 – 2,379X1 – 0,306X2 + e dengan R2 = 0,270. Faktor cuaca yang paling dominan mempengaruhi kasus COVID-19 adalah suhu disusul kelembaban.
COVID-19 is a disease designated by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a pandemic. In November 2022, the positivity rate of COVID-19 in Serang City in the last 7 days was 19.61% and higher than Lebak Regency (18.67%), Cilegon City (18.41%), Serang Regency (16.02%), and Pandeglang Regency (13.47%). The study aims to determine the relationship between temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind speed, and length of sunshine with COVID-19 cases, analyze case prediction models and dominant weather factors for COVID-19 cases in Serang City. The research study design uses time trend ecology. The research was conducted in February - March 2023 using weather data and COVID-19 cases in Serang City March 2020 - December 2022. Data analysis used univariate analysis, correlation test, multiple linear regression test, and spatial analysis. The results showed that Serang sub-district was the area with the most cases. Temperature (r=-0.263) and wind speed (r=0.258) are associated with weekly COVID-19 cases. At a lag of 1 week, temperature (r=-0.366) and length of sunshine (r=-0.179) were associated with COVID-19 cases. At a lag of 2 weeks, temperature (r=-0.348) and length of sunshine (r=-0.214) are associated with COVID-19 cases. The prediction model for COVID-19 cases is ln(Y) = 95.020 - 2.379X1 - 0.306X2 + e with R2 = 0.270. The most dominant weather factor affecting COVID-19 cases is temperature followed by humidity.
T-6643
Depok : FKM-UI, 2023
S2 - Tesis Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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Salsa Rahmadania Fitriani; Pembimbing: Bambang Wispriyono; Penguji: Laila Fitria, Randy Novirsa
Abstrak:
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui korelasi antara faktor kualitas udara (AQI dan konsentrasi PM2.5) dan faktor individu (usia dan jenis kelamin) dengan kasus terkonfirmasi positif COVID-19 di Jakarta Selatan. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi ekologi berdasarkan tren waktu mingguan dari bulan Maret-Desember 2020. Data agregat jumlah kasus COVID-19 diperoleh dari Suku Dinas Kesehatan Jakarta Selatan, sedangkan data kualitas udara diperoleh dari website airnow.gov milik kedutaan besar Amerika Serikat untuk Indonesia di Jakarta.
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S-10593
Depok : FKM UI, 2021
S1 - Skripsi Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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Minar Indriasih; Pembimbing: Laila Fitria; Penguji: Budi Hartono, Zakianis, Inggariwati, Erni Pelita Fitratunnisa
Abstrak:
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Pandemi Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) yang terjadi secara global telah menjadi ancaman besar bagi kesehatan masyarakat di seluruh dunia. Provinsi DKI Jakarta merupakan salah satu episenter kasus COVID-19 di Indonesia. Hingga tanggal 25 September 2022, DKI Jakarta menjadi penyumbang kasus tertinggi yaitu sebanyak 1.422.965 kasus, dengan 15.553 kasus yang berakhir dengan kematian. Dari total kasus positif di DKI Jakarta per tanggal 25 September 2022 tersebut, Kota Administrasi Jakarta Pusat menyumbang sebanyak 131.410 kasus dengan mortality rate yang paling tinggi yaitu sebesar 1,35%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara faktor iklim (suhu, kelembaban, curah hujan, kecepatan angin) dan pencemaran udara (PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2) dengan kasus COVID-19, menganalisis faktor yang paling dominan dan membuat model prediksi kasus COVID-19 berdasarkan faktor iklim dan pencemaran udara. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif yang menggunakan desain studi ekologi berdasarkan waktu (time trend). Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan April-Juni 2023 menggunakan data iklim, data pencemaran udara dan data insidens kasus COVID-19 di Kota Administrasi Jakarta Pusat Tahun 2020-2022. Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis univariat, bivariat dan multivariat serta hasilnya disajikan dalam bentuk tabel dan grafik. Hasil uji bivariat dengan korelasi spearman menunjukkan bahwa suhu (p = 0,0000; r = -0,291) dan kecepatan angin (p = 0,001; r = 0,265) berhubungan dengan kasus COVID-19. Hasil uji multivariat dengan regresi linear berganda menunjukkan variabel yang berpengaruh signifikan terhadap COVID-19 adalah suhu, kecepatan angin dan PM2.5, dimana faktor yang paling dominan adalah PM2.5. Model prediksi kasus COVID-19 adalah ln(Y) = 22,330 - 0,875(X1) + 1,806(X2) + 0,053(X3) + e dengan R2 = 0,225. Temuan ini menunjukkan pentingnya upaya pengurangan pencemaran PM2.5 di Kota Administrasi Jakarta Pusat sehingga dapat mengurangi kasus penyakit pernapasan termasuk COVID-19. Penelitian ini memanggil peneliti selanjutnya agar dapat melakukan penelitian di tingkat individu dengan desain studi kohort untuk membuktikan hubungan antara paparan polusi udara dengan kasus COVID-19.
The global pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a major threat to public health. DKI Jakarta Province is one of the epicenters of COVID-19 cases in Indonesia. As of September 25 2022, DKI Jakarta is the highest contributor of cases, namely 1,422,965 cases, with 15,553 cases ending in death. From the total positive cases in DKI Jakarta as of September 25 2022, the Central Jakarta Administrative City contributed 131,410 cases with the highest mortality rate, which was 1.35%. This study aims to determine the relationship between climatic factors (temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind speed) and air pollution (PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2) with COVID-19 cases, to analyze the most dominant factors and to create a case prediction model. This research is a quantitative study using a time trend ecological study design. The research was conducted in April-June 2023 using climate data, air pollution data and COVID-19 case incidence data in the Administrative City of Central Jakarta for 2020-2022. Data were analyzed using univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis. The results of the bivariate test with Spearman correlation show that temperature (p = 0.0000; r = -0.291) and wind speed (p = 0.001; r = 0.265) are related significantly to COVID-19 cases. The results of the multivariate test with multiple linear regression show that the variables that had a significant relation on COVID-19 are temperature, wind speed and PM2.5, where the most dominant factor is PM2.5. The COVID-19 case prediction model is ln(Y) = 22.330 - 0.875(X1) + 1.806(X2) + 0.053(X3) + e with R2 = 0.225. These findings show the importance to reduce PM2.5 pollution in the Administrative City of Central Jakarta so that it can reduce cases of respiratory diseases including COVID-19. This study calls on future researchers to conduct research at the individual level with a cohort study design to prove the relationship between exposure to air pollution and cases of COVID-19.
T-6754
Depok : FKM-UI, 2023
S2 - Tesis Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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Rekhan Melfina; Pembimbing: Ririn Arminsih; Penguji: Bambang Wispriyono, Yulia Fitria Ningrum
Abstrak:
COVID-19 merupakan penyakit infeksius yang hingga saat ini masih menjadi pandemik hampir di seluruh dunia. Jakarta Timur menjadi kota di Provinsi DKI Jakarta dengan jumlah kasus terkonfirmasi positif COVID-19 terbanyak, yakni sebesar 212.021 kasus. Dalam beberapa penelitian dinyatakan bahwa faktor iklim memiliki hubungan dengan kejadian COVID-19. Selain faktor iklim, faktor risiko individu seperti usia dan jenis kelamin juga diketahui dapat mempengaruhi kejadian COVID-19. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara Faktor Individu ( Usia dan Jenis Kelamin ) dan Faktor Iklim ( Suhu Udara, Kelembaban Udara, Kecepatan Angin, dan Curah Hujan) dengan kasus COVID-19 di Jakarta Timur tahun 2020-2021. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi ekologi berdasarkan waktu. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang sedang dengan pola negatif antara suhu udara dengan kasus terkonfirmasi COVID-19 di Jakarta Timur tahun 2020-2021. Hubungan korelasi yang lemah dengan pola positif antara kelembaban udara dan curah hujan dengan kasus terkonfirmasi COVID-19 di Jakarta Timur tahun 2020-2021. Hubungan korelasi yang sedang dengan pola positif antara kecepatan angin dengan kasus terkonfirmasi COVID-19 di Jakarta Timur tahun 2020-2021. Hubungan korelasi yang kuat atau sempurna dengan pola positif antara jenis kelamin dengan kasus terkonfirmasi COVID-19 di Jakarta Timur tahun 2020-2021. Hubungan korelasi yang kuat atau sempurna dengan pola positif pada setiap kelompok usia dengan kasus terkonfirmasi COVID-19 di Jakarta Timur tahun 2020-2021 .
COVID-19 is an infectious disease that is currently still a pandemic in almost all of the world. East Jakarta is the city in DKI Jakarta Province with the highest number of positive confirmed cases of COVID-19, amounting to 212,021 cases. Several studies have stated that climatic factors have a relationship with the incidence of COVID-19. Apart from climate factors, individual risk factors such as age and gender are also known to influence the incidence of COVID-19. In general, this study aims to determine the relationship between individual factors (age and gender) and climate factors (temperature, humidity, wind speed, and rainfall) with COVID-19 cases in East Jakarta in 2020-2021. This research uses an ecological study design based on time. The results of the study show that there is a moderate relationship with a negative pattern between ambient temperature and confirmed cases of COVID-19 in East Jakarta in 2020-2021. There is a weak correlation with a positive pattern between relative humidity and rainfall with confirmed cases of COVID-19 in East Jakarta in 2020-2021. There is a moderate correlation with a positive pattern between wind speed and confirmed cases of COVID-19 in East Jakarta in 2020-2021. There is a strong or perfect correlation with a positive pattern between male and female sexes with confirmed cases of COVID-19 in East Jakarta in 2020-2021. Strong or perfect correlation with positive pattern between all age groups with confirmed cases of COVID-19 in East Jakarta in 2020-2021.
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COVID-19 is an infectious disease that is currently still a pandemic in almost all of the world. East Jakarta is the city in DKI Jakarta Province with the highest number of positive confirmed cases of COVID-19, amounting to 212,021 cases. Several studies have stated that climatic factors have a relationship with the incidence of COVID-19. Apart from climate factors, individual risk factors such as age and gender are also known to influence the incidence of COVID-19. In general, this study aims to determine the relationship between individual factors (age and gender) and climate factors (temperature, humidity, wind speed, and rainfall) with COVID-19 cases in East Jakarta in 2020-2021. This research uses an ecological study design based on time. The results of the study show that there is a moderate relationship with a negative pattern between ambient temperature and confirmed cases of COVID-19 in East Jakarta in 2020-2021. There is a weak correlation with a positive pattern between relative humidity and rainfall with confirmed cases of COVID-19 in East Jakarta in 2020-2021. There is a moderate correlation with a positive pattern between wind speed and confirmed cases of COVID-19 in East Jakarta in 2020-2021. There is a strong or perfect correlation with a positive pattern between male and female sexes with confirmed cases of COVID-19 in East Jakarta in 2020-2021. Strong or perfect correlation with positive pattern between all age groups with confirmed cases of COVID-19 in East Jakarta in 2020-2021.
S-11043
Depok : FKMUI, 2022
S1 - Skripsi Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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Sekar Agustin; Pembimbing: Dewi Susanna; Penguji: Laila Fitria, Dwinda Ramadhoni
S-7287
Depok : FKM UI, 2012
S1 - Skripsi Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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Ikha Purwandari Andari; Pembimbing: Budi Haryanto; Penguji: Ririn Arminsih Wulandari, Beben Saiful Bahri
S-6112
Depok : FKM UI, 2010
S1 - Skripsi Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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Novita Laela Sumbara; Pembimbing: Haryoto Kusnoputranto; Penguji: Ema Hermawati, Muchtar Mawardi
Abstrak:
Pekerja peleburan logam berisiko terhadap dampak kesehatan akibat pajanan particulate matter (PM2,5). Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengestimasi risiko akibat pajanan dari PM2,5 pada udara ambien di lingkungan kerja Kawasan Perkampungan Industri Kecil (PIK) Desa Kebasen Kecamatan Talang Kabupaten Tegal. Penelitian ini menggunakan data primer dengan responden sebanyak 42 pekerja dan 5 titik sampel udara menggunakan alat DustTrak II TSI. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis risiko kesehatan lingkungan yang menghasilkan nilai intake perhari dan risk quotient (RQ) berdasarkan konsentrasi PM2,5, pola pajanan, dan berat badan. Responden pada penelitian ini memiliki nilai rata-rata berat badan sebesar 56,926 kg dan rata-rata laju inhalasi 0,6017 mg/m3. Nilai median untuk waktu pajanan 8 jam/hari, median frekuensi pajanan 273,5 hari/tahun, dan median durasi pajanan real time 8,5 tahun. Beberapa pekerja mulai berisiko (RQ>1) di saat durasi pajanan real time dengan konsentrasi minimal sebesar 254 µg/m3 . Manajemen risiko dilakukan dengan mengurangi waktu dan frekuensi pajanan.
Metal smelting workers are at risk of health effects due to their exposure to particulate matter (PM2,5). The purpose of this study is to estimate the risk due exposure of PM2,5 in ambient air in the work environment of the Small Industrial Village (PIK) of Kebasen Village, Talang District, Tegal Regency. This study used primary data with 42 respondents and 5 air sample points by using the Dusttrak II TSI tool. The method used is an environmental health risk analysis that produces daily intake and risk quotient (RQ) values based on PM2,5 concentration, exposure patterns, and body weight. Respondents in this study had an average weight value of 56,926 kg and had an average inhalation rate of 0,6017 mg/m3. The median value for exposure time is 8 hours/day, the median frequency of exposure is 273,5 days/year, and the median duration of real-time exposure is 8,5 years. Some workers begin to be at risk (RQ>1) at the time of real time exposure with a minimum concentration of 254 µg/m3.
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Metal smelting workers are at risk of health effects due to their exposure to particulate matter (PM2,5). The purpose of this study is to estimate the risk due exposure of PM2,5 in ambient air in the work environment of the Small Industrial Village (PIK) of Kebasen Village, Talang District, Tegal Regency. This study used primary data with 42 respondents and 5 air sample points by using the Dusttrak II TSI tool. The method used is an environmental health risk analysis that produces daily intake and risk quotient (RQ) values based on PM2,5 concentration, exposure patterns, and body weight. Respondents in this study had an average weight value of 56,926 kg and had an average inhalation rate of 0,6017 mg/m3. The median value for exposure time is 8 hours/day, the median frequency of exposure is 273,5 days/year, and the median duration of real-time exposure is 8,5 years. Some workers begin to be at risk (RQ>1) at the time of real time exposure with a minimum concentration of 254 µg/m3.
S-10492
Depok : FKM UI, 2020
S1 - Skripsi Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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Alfi Kamelia Amany; Pembimbing: Al Asyary; Penguji: Dewi Susanna, Novita Suprapto Wati
Abstrak:
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Asma merupakan penyakit inflamasi saluran napas kronis yang ditandai dengan gejala pernapasan seperti mengi, dispnea, batuk, dan sesak dada. Selama pandemi Covid-19 (2020 – 2022) jumlah kasus asma di DKI Jakarta termasuk Jakarta Pusat mengalami penurunan jika dibandingkan dengan sebelum pandemi terjadi (2018 – 2019). Hal yang sama juga terjadi pada penurunan polusi udara (PM10) yang menjadi salah satu penyebab penyakit asma. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan konsentrasi PM10, suhu udara, kelembaban udara, dan curah hujan dengan jumlah kasus asma di Jakarta Pusat pada waktu sebelum (2018 – 2019) dan selama (2020 – 2022) pandemi Covid-19 dengan menggunakan desain studi ekologi time-trend. Metode analisis dilakukan dengan uji beda ≥ 2 rata-rata, uji korelasi, dan uji regresi linear berganda. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder yang berasal dari Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi DKI Jakarta, BMKG wilayah Kemayoran, dan website BMKG. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, terdapat perbedaan rata-rata kasus asma, konsentrasi PM10, dan curah hujan yang signifikan antara sebelum (2018 – 2019) dan selama (2020 – 2022) pandemi Covid-19 (p = 0,000; p = 0,023; p = 0,050). Selain itu, uji korelasi menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara konsentrasi PM10 (p = 0,156; r = 0210), suhu udara (p = 0,883; r = 0,019), kelembaban udara (p = 0,380; r = -0,115), curah hujan (p = 0,154; r = -0,186) dengan kasus asma seluruh tahun (2018 – 2022) di Jakarta Pusat. Kesimpulan pada penelitian ini yaitu tidak terdapat hubungan signifikan antara konsentrasi PM10, suhu udara, kelembaban udara, dan curah hujan dengan kasus asma tahun 2018 – 2022.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by respiratory symptoms such as wheezing, dyspnea, coughing and chest tightness. During the Covid-19 pandemic (2020 – 2022) the number of asthma cases in DKI Jakarta including Central Jakarta has decreased compared to before the pandemic occurred (2018 – 2019). The same thing also happened to the decrease in air pollution (PM10), which is one of the causes of asthma. This study aims to determine the relationship between PM10 concentration, air temperature, air humidity, and rainfall with the number of asthma cases in Central Jakarta before (2018 – 2019) and during (2020 – 2022) the Covid-19 pandemic using an ecological study design (time-trend). The method of analysis was carried out by means of ≥ 2 difference test, correlation test, and multiple linear regression test. This study used secondary data from the DKI Jakarta Provincial Health Office, the BMKG for the Kemayoran area, and the BMKG website. The results showed that there were significant differences in average asthma cases, PM10 concentrations, and rainfall before (2018 – 2019) and during (2020 – 2022) the Covid-19 pandemic (p = 0.000; p = 0.023; p = 0.050). In addition, the correlation test showed that there was no significant relationship between PM10 concentration (p = 0.156; r = 0210), air temperature (p = 0.883; r = 0.019), air humidity (p = 0.380; r = -0.115), rainfall (p = 0.154; r = -0.186) with asthma cases throughout the year (2018 – 2022) in Central Jakarta. The conclusion in this study is that there is no significant relationship between PM10 concentrations, air temperature, air humidity, and rainfall with asthma cases in 2018 – 2022.
S-11330
Depok : FKM-UI, 2023
S1 - Skripsi Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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Surjanto; Pemb. I Made Djaja, Fatma Lestari; Peng. Rachmadi Purwana, Wahyu Pito Supeni, Nety Widayati
T-2533
Depok : FKM UI, 2007
S2 - Tesis Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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