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It is estimated that about 73% of neonatal mortalities occur in the early neonatal period. Commonly, the cause of early neonatal mortalities could be prevented and treated in newborns, one of the approach is by giving birth with skilled birth attendants. However, previous studies reported inconsistent results regarding the association between place and birth attendant on early neonatal mortality. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of place and birth attendants (health facility birth, home birth with skilled birth attendants, and home birth without skilled birth attendants) on early neonatal mortality in Indonesia. The study used a cross-sectional design and analyzed 2007, 2012, and 2017 IDHS data. The samples were all respondents/women of reproductive age who gave birth to their last live-born baby. The results of the study found that the early neonatal mortality rate was 8.40 per 1000 live births. Delivery at the health facility, or at home with skilled birth attendants, did not reduce early neonatal mortality compared to delivery at home without skilled birth attendants. The association for delivery at health facility was 1.95 (95% CI 0.83-4.51), while delivery at home with skilled birth attendants was 1.97 (95% CI 0.99-3.90). Efforts to reduce early neonatal mortality need to consider planned referrals, the quality of health facilities, the competency of health workers, also synergies with other programs such as prenatal and postnatal checks
Kematian neonatal dini merupakan penyumbang kematian bayi dan perinatal yang merupakan indikator derajat kesejahteraan dan kesehatan bangsa. Angka kematian bayi dan perinatal di Indonesia masih tergolong tinggi dibanding negara Asia lainnya. Komplikasi kehamilan diduga menjadi faktor kuat kematian neonatal dini. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh adanya komplikasi kehamilan dan setiap jenis komplikasi kehamilan serta ingin mengetahui PAR (Population Attributle Risk) terhadap kematian neonatal dini di Indonesia pada anak yang lahir 2002-2007 terhadap kematian neonatal dini setelah dikendalikan seluruh confounding. Desain studi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah crossectional dengan analisis multivariat complex sample cox regression. Sampel penelitiansebanyak 13893 dari 33 provinsi Indonesia yang diambil dengan metode Stratified two-stage cluster design.
Hasil analisis menunjukkan komplikasi kehamilan terhadap kematian neonatal dini dimodifikasi oleh berat lahir. Peneliti membuat dua model untuk membuktikan pengaruh komplikasi kehamilan terhadap kematian neonatal dini. Pada model pertama, PR komplikasi kehamilan terhadap kematian neonatal dini pada strata berat lahir <2000 gram sebesar 28,74 (95%CI: 10,21-81,02) PAR 13,92%, pada stratum ≥2000 gram sebesar PR 1,03 (95%CI: 0,32-3,34) PAR 11,94%. Pada model kedua, PR prematuritas memiliki risiko tertinggi PR 3,98 (95%CI 1,36-11,63) dengan PAR 8,1%. Diharapkan pemerintah dan masyarakat dapat berperan aktif dalam penurunan dan penanggulangan komplikasi kehamilan sedini mungkin dengan Antenatal care.
Early neonatal death is a contributor to infant and perinatal mortality that is an indicator of well-being and health degree in the nation. Infant and perinatal mortality rate in Indonesia is still higher than other Asian countries. Complications during pregnancy may be a strong factor of early neonatal death. This study want to determine how much influence and PAR of complication during pregnancy to early neonatal death in Indonesia after adjusted all confounding. This study used the cross-sectional design study with complex samples cox regression to multivariat analysis. There were 13893 respondents from 33 provinces in Indonesia were taken by stratified two-stage cluster sample technique.
The Results indicated that there are effect modification of Complication during pregnancy and birth weight to early neonatal death. This study created 2fixed models in multivariat analysis. In the first model, PR complication during pregnancy with birth weight <2000 gr 28,74(95%CI 10,21-81,02) PAR 13,92, complication during pregnancy with birth weight ≥2000 gr PR 1,03 (95%CI 0,32-3,34) PAR 11,94. In third model, only proven premature has significant to be early neonatal death risk with PR 3,98 (95%CI 1,36-11,63) PAR 8,1%. Health ministry and public can improve efectiveness of ANC to reduce complication during pregnancy and premature.
Angka Kematian Bayi (AKB) merupakan salah satu indikator dalam menerangkan derajat kesehatan suatu negara, AKB menjadi salah satu kunci keberhasilan pembangunan suatu negara. Sampai tahun 2002 Angka Kematian Bayi di Indonesia menduduki urutan keempat diantara negara-negara ASEAN. Dua pertiga kematian neonatal berada pada periode neonatal dini dan salah satu penyebab utama kematian neonatal dini yaitu berat badan lahir rendah (BBLR). Berdasarkan data SDKI angka BBLR di Indonesia saat ini belum ada kecendrungan penurunan yang berarti yaitu sebesar 7,3% pada tahun |986-1991, 7,l% pada tahun 1989-1994 dan kembali meningkat menjadi 7,7% pada tahun 1992-1997. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh berat badan lahir terhadap survival neonatal dini Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder SDKI tahun 2002-2003 yang dirancang dengan desain potong lintang (cross sectional). Walaupun demikian, data ini dapat diperlakukan sebagai kohort retrospektif dan mcmpunyai informasi waktu (rime) dan kejadian (event) sehingga dapat dianalisis dengan analisis survival. Analisis data mencakup analisis univariat, analisis bivariat menggunakan Kaplan Meir dan Log Rank dan analisis multivariat dengan menggunakan Regresi Cox. Hasil penelitian diperoleh; Probabilitas survival neonatal dini pada kelompok seluruh bayi sebesar 98,94%, pada kelompok bayi BBLN (berat lahir 2 2500) sebesar 99,59% dan pada kelompok bayi BBLR (< 2500 gram) adalah 96,87%. Pada kelompok seluruh bayi terdapat perbedaan probabilitas survival ’menurut variabel komplikasi kehamilan, komplikasi persalinan, paritas dan jarak kelahiran, berat badan lahir, jenis kelamin bayi, tenaga penolong persalinan (least dan mos/ qualyied) dan kunjungan ANC. Sedangkan pada kclompok bayi BBLR terdapat perbedaan probabilitas survivival menurut komplikasi persalinan, komplikasi kehamilan, brat badan lahir, jcnis kelamin bayi dan tingkat sosial ekonomi. Prevalensi BBLR yaitu berat lahir dibawah 2500 gram adalah 6 %. Incidence rate kematian neonatal dini 1,5 per 1000 bayi-hari. Diketahui masa kritis bagi survival neonatal dini yaitu pada hari ke-0 sampui hari ke-3 Pada seluruh bayi, bayi dengan berat badan lahir < 2500 gram mempunyai risiko kematian neonatal dini 7 kali Iebih besar dari pada bayi dengan berat badan lahir Z 2500 gram setelah dikontrol dengan variabel komplikasi kehamilan, komplikasi persalinan dan kunjungan ANC- Bayi yang persalinannya di tolong tenaga kesehatan (most qualified), bayi dengan berat badan lahir < 2100 gram mempunyai risiko kematian neonatal dini 9 kali Iebih besar dari pada bayi dengan berat badan Iahir 2100-2499 gram setelah dikontrol dengan variable komplikasi persalinan dan tingkat sosial ekonomi. Tetapi hal ini harus diinterpretasikan hati-hati, nakes most qualyied merupakan penolong persalinan terakhir yang dipilih ibu. Sebanyak 80% persalinan yang ditolong oleh makes mengalami komplikasi kehamilan dan persalinan, sehingga dapat diasumsikan ibu yang ditolong oleh nakes tersebut merupakan rujukan dari nakes (leasr qualyied) dan non nakes. Pada bayi yang persalinannya ditolong oleh non nakes BBLRS tidak dapat dibulctikan ditemul-can peningkatan risiko kematian neonatal dini dibandingkan BBLR setelah dikontrol dengan kamplikasi persalinan dan tingkat sosek. Incident-e rate dan hazard ratio yang dihitung pada studi ini merupakan angka yang underestimated karena; (1) bayi yang tidak ditimbang Iebih banyak yang meninggal daripada bayi yang ditimbang yang kemungkinan besar bayi-bayi ini (yang tidak ditimbang) adalah BBLR diperkuat dengan tidak terdapatnya distribusi residual yang- dapat menguatkan asumsi bahwa bayi-bayi yang tidak ditimbang tersebut adalah bayi pretemu (bayi-bayi kecil); (2) tidal< tercakupnya bayi meninggal yang berasal dari ibu yang mengalami kematian matemal. Disarankan untuk meningkatkan keterampilan bidan dalam resusitasi bayi baru lahir, perbaikan sistem rujukan neonatal dan meningkatkan cakupan frekuensi lcunjungan antenatal yang sesuai dengan standard minimal. Untuk penelitian Iebih lanjut dapat mengkaji sistem rujukan neonatal yang telah berjalan.
It has been known that the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is one of indicator that describes the health status of a country, and as one of key succms of the country development. Until the year 2002, the Indonesia’s IMR is at the fourth order among ASEAN countries. Two third of neonatal death are occurred in the period of early neonatal, and one of the cause is low birth weight (LBW). As IDHS data, the trend of the LBW rate in Indonesia is not been decrease, as in 1986 to 1991 the figure is 73%, 7.1% in 1989 to 1994, and increase in 1992-1997 as high as 7.7%. The study has a purpose on describing the impact of LBW on early neonatal survival. The study use the secondary data sourced from the IDHS 2002-2003 which have cross sectional as the design. Though the design is cross sectional but the data can be treated as a retrospective cohort data and therefore can be analyzed with the survival analysis. The information on time and event that included in the dataset is an important assumption for the dependent variable on survival analysis. Data will be analyzed in the form of univariate, bivariate that use Kaplan Meir and Log Rank, and multivariate with Cox Regression. The study found: the probability of early neonatal survival for all groups of babies is 98.94%, for the group of normal birth weight,(NBW) babies ( 5 2,500 gram) is 99.59%, and for the group of LBW babies is 96.87%. The prevalence rate of LBW in Indonesia is six percent. The incidence rate for early neonatal death is 1.5 per 1,000 babies-days. It is known that the critical time on early neonatal survival is from 0 to 3 days old. From all babies, baby with LBW have a risk on early neonatal death 7 times greater than baby with NBW after controlled with variables of pregnancy complication, delivery compiiearion, and ANC visit. The group of babies which delivery assisted with health provider (most qualified), with birth weight less than 2,100 grams are have risk on early neonatal death 9 times than those who have birth weight around 2,100 to 2,499 grams, after controlled with variables of delivery complication and socio-economic level. Meanwhile, the group of babies which delivery assisted with non-health providers (most qualified), there is no different risk on early neonatal death between the babies that have birth weight less than 2,110 grams with those who have birth weight around 2,100 to 2,499 grams, after controlled by variables of delivery complication and socio-economic level. The incidence rate and hazard ratio that measures in the study are being an underestimate value, because: 1) un-weighed babies are more likely to die compare to those weighed babies, and probably those babies (un-weighed) are LBW babies. Moreover, there are no residual distribution that can be strengthening the assumption that un-weighed babies are preterm babies (small babies); 2) babies who die from mother who also die are not coverage. It is suggested to increase the skill of the midwife in term of neonatal resuscitation, particularly on health cost, improving the neonatal reference system and increasing the antenatal visit coverage. It is proposed for advance study to review the risk factors on early neonatal death for LBW babies who live in the urban area whether they are a peri-urban residence, and also reviewing the in progress neonatal reference.
ABSTRAK
ISPA merupakan penyebab utama kematian pada bayi dan anak balita didunia,khususnya di negara berkembang. Kematian tersebut diperkirakan 2-5 juta setiaptahunnya. Di Indonesia prevalensi ISPA masih tinggi yaitu 25,5% menurut hasilRiset Kesehatan Dasar tahun 2007. Faktor utama penyebab ISPA adalah polusiudara dalam ruangan yang umumnya berasal dari hasil pembakaran bahan bakarbiomass, batu bara, dan minyak tanah yang digunakan rumah tangga untukmemasak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh jenis bahan bakardan tempat memasak rumah tangga terhadap kejadian ISPA pada balita dipedesaan Indonesia tahun 2007 setelah dikontrol seluruh confounding. Desainstudi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah cross sectional analysis denganmenggunakan data SDKI 2007. Analisis penelitian melakukan pembobotansehingga peneliti menggunakan analisis complex design survey dengan populasisumber berasal dari 33 propinsi di Indonesia, yaitu sebanyak 7.602 responden.Hasil analisis didapatkan prevalensi ISPA pada balita sebesar 12,0%. Jenis bahanbakar memasak berisiko 1,459 kali (CI 95%: 1,011-2,105) terhadap kejadianISPA pada balita dengan p value: 0,047 (ada hubungan yang signifikan). Jeniskelamin anak, status imunisasi BCG, lama pemberian ASI, berat badan lahir anak,pemberian vitamin A, pendidikan ibu, pekerjaan ibu, dan tingkat kesejahteraankeluarga merupakan variabel covariat yang berpengaruh secara signifikanterhadap kejadian ISPA pada balita dengan p value < 0,05. Analisis multivariatCox Regression didapatkan balita yang tinggal pada polusi dapur rumah tanggatinggi polusi berisiko 1,217 kali (CI 95%: 0,767-1,931) untuk menderita ISPAsetelah dikontrol variabel covariat. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini disarankanpada masyarakat untuk memasak yang menggunakan bahan bakar high pollutandalam rumah agar memperhatikan sirkulasi udara pada tempat memasak dan bagipemerintah agar dapat memberikan KIE tentang pengendalian polusi udara dalamruangan.
ABSTRACT
ARI is the leading cause of death in infants and children under five in the world,particularly in developing countries. The estimated 2-5 million deaths annually.ARI prevalence in Indonesia is still high at 25.5% according to the results of the2007 Basic Health Research. ARI is the main factor causing indoor air pollution,primarily from the burning of biomass fuels, coal, and kerosene are used byhouseholds for cooking. This study aimed to determine the effect of cooking fueltype and household kitchen of ARI events in children under five years in ruralIndonesia in 2007 after a controlled throughout confounding. Study design used inthis study is cross-sectional analysis using data from Demographic and HealthSurvey 2007. Analysis of the research done so that investigators use a weightedanalysis of complex survey design with source populations from 33 provinces inIndonesian, as many as 7,602 respondents. Analysis we found the prevalence ofARI in children under five years are 12.0%. Type of cooking fuel have risk 1.459times (95% CI: 1.011 to 2.105) of ARI Events In Children Under Five Years witha p value: 0.047 (no significant relationship). Sex of the child, BCG immunizationstatus, duration of breastfeeding, birth weight children, vitamin A, maternaleducation, maternal employment, and family welfare is covariat variables thatsignificantly affect the incidence of respiratory infection in childrens with p value<0.05 . Multivariate Cox Regression analysis found that childrens living in thehousehold kitchen high pollution have risk 1.217 times (95% CI: 0.767 to 1.931)of ARI Events In Children Under Five Years after controlling for covariatvariables. Based on the results of this study suggested that people use for cookingfuel high pollutants in the house to pay attention to air circulation on a place tocook and for the government to provide IEC about controlling indoor airpollution.
Infant mortality is defined as death that occurring in the first year of life. Infant mortality rate in Indonesia and Cambodia itself is still above the Southeast Asian IMR, while in Philippines is similar to the Southeast Asian IMR. Birth interval is one factor that plays an important role in infant mortality especially <24 months. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of birth interval on infant mortality in Indonesia, Philippines and Cambodia. This study used data from Demographic Health Survey (DHS) in Indonesia (2012), Philippine (2013) and Cambodia (2014). The study design is cross sectional and sample in each country is 10.162, 4.741 and 4.330 infants. After controlled by confounding variables, birth interval <18 months had the greatest risk of infant mortality in Indonesia (OR = 2.43: 95% CI 1.26 - 4.70), Cambodia (OR = 4.39: 95% CI 1,76 - 10,94) compared to 18 - 23 months, 24 - 35 months and ≥ 36 months. While in Philippines 18 - 23 month birth interval is the greatest risk of infant mortality compared to birth interval <18 months and ≥ 24 months (OR = 2.59: 95% CI 1.13 - 5.95). The ideal birth interval to reduce the risk of infant mortality is ≥ 24 months. Keywords: infant mortality, birth interval.
Kata kunci: Pedesaan, Perilaku Seksual Remaja, Perkotaan.
