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Ryan Rachmawan; Pembimbing: Penguji Tejamaya, Doni Hikmat Ramdhan, Fatma Lestari, Hanafi, Elsye As Safira
Abstrak:
Berbagai macam pelarut organik digunakan di laboratorium pengujian PT SCI, termasuk benzene, toluene dan xylene (BTX). BTX diketahui sebagai bahan kimia yang berbahaya dan dapat menimbulkan risiko terhadap kesehatan baik dampak akut maupun kronis. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan penilaian risiko Kesehatan terkait pajanan BTX guna menilai kecukupan metode pengendalian yang telah diimplementasikan di laboratorium PT SCI. Penelitian ini menilai risiko Kesehatan terkait inhalasi pajanan BTX dengan metode CHRA DOSH Malaysia secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif; dibandingkan dengan metode SQRA Singapura secara kuantitatif, tingkat risiko terkait pajanan benzene masuk ke dalam kategori tinggi, sedangkan pajanan toluene dan xylene memiliki risiko moderat. Secara kuantitatif (CHRA), pajanan benzene (TWA pengukuran = 0,025 ppm) memiliki risiko moderat (RR=5), sedangkan toluene (TWA pengukuran = 0,104 ppm) dan xylene (TWA pengukuran = 0,077 ppm) memiliki tingkat risiko rendah (RR=2). Dengan menggunakan metode SQRA diperoleh nilai tingkat risiko moderate untuk benzene, dan rendah untuk toluene, serta xylene. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa metode kualitatif CHRA overestimate metode kuantitatif CHRA; dan metode kuantitatif CHRA dan SQRA memperlihatkan hasil yang sebanding
A various of organic solvents are used in PT SCI's testing laboratory, including benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX). BTX is known as a hazardous chemical and can pose a health risks, both acute and chronic. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a health risk assessment related to BTX exposure in order to assess the adequacy of the control methods that have been implemented in the PT SCI laboratory. This study assessed the health risks associated with inhalation of BTX exposure with the CHRA DOSH Malaysia method qualitatively and quantitatively and compared to the Singapore quantitative method SQRA, the level of risk associated with benzene exposure is in the high category, while exposure to toluene and xylene has a moderate risk. CHRA in quantitatively, benzene exposure (TWA measurement = 0.025 ppm) had a moderate risk (RR=5), while toluene (TWA measurement = 0.104 ppm) and xylene (TWA measurement = 0.077 ppm) had a low risk level (RR=2). By using the SQRA method, the risk level is moderate for benzene, and low for toluene and xylene. It can be concluded that the CHRA qualitative method overestimates the CHRA quantitative method; and quantitative methods CHRA and SQRA showed comparable results.
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A various of organic solvents are used in PT SCI's testing laboratory, including benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX). BTX is known as a hazardous chemical and can pose a health risks, both acute and chronic. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a health risk assessment related to BTX exposure in order to assess the adequacy of the control methods that have been implemented in the PT SCI laboratory. This study assessed the health risks associated with inhalation of BTX exposure with the CHRA DOSH Malaysia method qualitatively and quantitatively and compared to the Singapore quantitative method SQRA, the level of risk associated with benzene exposure is in the high category, while exposure to toluene and xylene has a moderate risk. CHRA in quantitatively, benzene exposure (TWA measurement = 0.025 ppm) had a moderate risk (RR=5), while toluene (TWA measurement = 0.104 ppm) and xylene (TWA measurement = 0.077 ppm) had a low risk level (RR=2). By using the SQRA method, the risk level is moderate for benzene, and low for toluene and xylene. It can be concluded that the CHRA qualitative method overestimates the CHRA quantitative method; and quantitative methods CHRA and SQRA showed comparable results.
T-6256
Depok : FKM-UI, 2021
S2 - Tesis Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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Haikal Muhammad Ariq Andrianto; Pembimbing: Mila Tejamaya; Penguji: Doni Hikmat Ramdhan, Mariani
Abstrak:
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Laboratorium Migas merupakan tempat kerja untuk melakukan pengujian, penelitian, dan pengembangan minyak mentah, produk sampingan, hingga produk jadi menggunakan peralatan dan bahan yang ada. Laboratorium memiliki banyak bahaya di dalamnya, tak terkecuali dengan bahaya kimia seperti benzene, toluene dan xylene (BTX). Oleh karena itu, diperlukan kajian risiko kesehatan di Laboratorium Migas untuk mengetahui seberapa besar tingkat risiko BTX terhadap pekerja laboratorium. Kajian risiko kesehatan ini akan mengacu pada CHRA DOSH Malaysia (2018) dimana data yang didapatkan dianalisis menggunakan IHSTAT. Kajian risiko kesehatan dilakukan menyesuaikan dengan SEG yang sudah ditentukan, yaitu unit Crude & Product Classification, unit Facility & Quality, unit Fuel, unit Analytical & Gas, serta unit Petrochemical. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukan bahwa terdapat tingkat risiko yang tinggi pada pajanan benzene melalui rute inhalasi serta rute dermal terhadap unit Fuel. Sementara itu, pajanan xylene dan toluene berada pada tingkat risiko yang rendah untuk rute pajanan inhalasi serta berada pada tingkat pajanan moderat pada rute pajanan dermal. Dari hasil penelitian terkait tingkat risiko keseharan pada pajanan benzene, toluene, dan xylene, diperlukan peningkatan kesadaran pekerja untuk menggunakan APD tambahan serta peningkatan sistem ventilasi di tempat kerja.
The Oil and Gas Laboratory is a workplace for conducting testing, research and development on crude oil, by-products and finished products using existing equipment and materials. Laboratories have many dangers in them, including chemical hazards such as benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX). Therefore, it is necessary to study health risks in oil and gas laboratories to find out how big the risk level of BTX is to laboratory workers. This health risk study will refer to CHRA DOSH Malaysia (2018) where the data obtained was analyzed using IHSTAT. Health risk studies are carried out in accordance with the SEGs that have been determined, namely the Crude & Product Classification unit, Facility & Quality unit, Fuel unit, Analytical & Gas unit, and Petrochemical unit. The results of the study show that there is a high level of risk of exposure to benzene via the inhalation route and the dermal route on Fuel units. Meanwhile, exposure to xylene and toluene is at a low risk level for the inhalation exposure route and at a moderate exposure level for the dermal exposure route. From the results of research regarding the level of health risk from exposure to benzene, toluene and xylene, it is necessary to increase worker awareness to use additional PPE and improve the ventilation system in the workplace.
S-11672
Depok : FKM UI, 2024
S1 - Skripsi Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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Muhammad Reyhan Ahadin Pratama; Pembimbing: Mila Tejamaya; Penguji: Doni Hikmat Ramdhan, Redo Maulana
Abstrak:
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Laboratorium lubricant merupakan area kerja dengan berbagai bahaya keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja yang mengintai para pekerjanya. Pajanan bahaya kimia dapat terjadi melalui berbagai rute pajanan serta dapat memberikan risiko kesehatan kepada pekerja laboratorium, baik berupa efek kesehatan akut maupun kronis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis risiko kesehatan terkait pajanan bahaya kimia benzena, toluena, dan xilena (BTX) pada pekerja laboratorium lubricant PT X. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Februari – Juni 2024 dengan desain penelitian deskriptif analitik dengan menggunakan metode chemical health risk assessment dari Department of Safety and Health Malaysia (DOSH) tahun 2018. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan secara kuantitatif melalui pengukuran pajanan personal untuk pajanan rute inhalasi dan kualitatif untuk pajanan rute dermal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat level risiko moderat – tinggi untuk pajanan benzena serta level risiko rendah untuk pajanan aditif toluena dan xilena dengan rute inhalasi. Sementara itu, terdapat level risiko tinggi untuk pajanan benzena serta level risiko moderat untuk pajanan toluena dan xilena dengan rute pajanan dermal. Tingkat pajanan benzena, toluena, dan xilena dengan nilai rata-rata tertinggi berada pada Tim Sampling. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dibutuhkan langkah pengendalian yang tepat, seperti penyediaan APD sesuai kebutuhan, pemeliharaan sistem ventilasi, serta pemantauan pajanan BTX pada pekerjaan rutin dan non-rutin.
Lubricant laboratory pose various occupational safety and health hazards to their workers. Exposure to chemical hazards can occur through multiple routes and can lead to both acute and chronic health risks for laboratory workers. This study aims to analyze the health risks associated with exposure to benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) among lubricant laboratory workers at PT X. The study was conducted from February to June 2024 using a descriptive analytical research design with the chemical health risk assessment method from the Department of Safety and Health Malaysia (DOSH) 2018. Data collection techniques were employed quantitatively through personal exposure measurements for inhalation exposure and qualitatively for dermal exposure. The study results indicated a moderate to high risk level for benzene exposure and a low risk level for toluene and xylene additive exposure via inhalation. Meanwhile, a high-risk level was found for benzene exposure and a moderate risk level for toluene and xylene exposure via dermal exposure. The highest average exposure levels for benzene, toluene, and xylene were observed in the Sampling Team. Based on the study findings, appropriate control measures are necessary, such as providing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), maintaining ventilation systems, and monitoring BTX exposure during routine and non-routine tasks.
S-11649
Depok : FKM-UI, 2024
S1 - Skripsi Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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Putri Noer Haliza; Pembimbing: Mila Tejamaya; Penguji: Doni Hikmat Ramdhan, M. Rifki Al Ikhsan
Abstrak:
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Pekerja pada unit produksi minyak dan gas bumi berisiko terpajan berbagai bahaya kimia. Salah satu komponen bahan kimia dari minyak bumi adalah volatile organic compounds (VOC), dengan contoh bahan yang terkenal akan toksisitasnya adalah benzene, toluene dan xylene. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis risiko kesehatan terkait pajanan benzene, toluene dan xylene pekerja kilang minyak san gas di PT. X. Penelitian ini menganalisis data sekunder pajanan personal BTX melalui rute inhalasi menggunakan active sampler. Dengan menggunakan metode Chemical Health Risk Assessment (CHRA) dari Department of Safety and Health, Malaysia ditemukan bahwa risiko pajanan benzene pada SEG CDU (crude distillation unit) terkategori risiko sangat tinggi. Untuk pajanan toluene dan xylene berada pada tingkat risiko kesehatan rendah pada hampir seluruh SEG. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, diperlukan pengendalian yang tepat untuk mengatasi pajanan benzene, toluene dan xylene. Salah satu pengendalian yang direkomendasikan adalah meningkatkan konsistensi penggunaan alat pelindung diri, monitoring pajanan secara kontinu, melaksanakan biomonitoring dan pemeriksaan sel darah tepi.
Workers in oil and gas production units are at risk of exposure to various chemical hazards. One of the chemical components of petroleum is volatile organic compounds (VOC), with examples of materials known for their toxicity being benzene, toluene and xylene. This study aims to analyze health risks related to exposure to benzene, toluene and xylene of oil and gas refinery workers at PT. X. This study analyzes secondary data on personal exposure to BTX via the inhalation route using an active sampler. Using the Chemical Health Risk Assessment (CHRA) method from the Department of Safety and Health, Malaysia, it was found that the risk of benzene exposure in the SEG CDU (crude distillation unit) was categorized as very high risk. Exposure to toluene and xylene is at a low health risk level in almost all SEGs. Based on the research results, appropriate control is needed to overcome exposure to benzene, toluene and xylene. One of the recommended controls is increasing the consistent use of personal protective equipment, continuous monitoring of exposure, carrying out biomonitoring and examining peripheral blood cells.
S-11650
Depok : FKM-UI, 2024
S1 - Skripsi Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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Mirza Saleh Khan; Pembimbing: Mila Tejamaya; Penguji: Doni Hikmat Ramdhan, Mirsupi Usman
Abstrak:
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Tingginya tingkat penguapan dari benzene, toluene, dan xylene (BTX) dalam bensin membuat pekerja di stasiun pengisian bahan bakar umum (SPBU) berisiko tinggi terpajan BTX secara inhalasi. Adanya aktivitas pengisian bahan bakar kendaraan bermotor dan aktivitas pengisian tangki pendam (underground tank) membuat pekerja di SPBU berisiko tinggi kontak dengan bensin yang mengandung BTX secara dermal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai besarnya tingkat risiko kesehatan pada pekerja di SPBU X Beji Depok akibat pajanan BTX melalui rute pajanan inhalasi dan dermal. Design penelitian yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif dengan menggunakan metode CHRA dari DOSH Malaysia untuk menilai tingkat risiko kesehatan. Penilaian risiko kesehatan rute pajanan inhalasi dilakukan secara kuantitatif. Sementara itu, penilaian risiko kesehatan rute pajanan dermal dilakukan secara kualitatif. Berdasarkan observasi dan wawancara terdapat 5 similar exposure group (SEG) untuk pajanan BTX secara inhalasi, yaitu Operator Shift-1, Operator Shift-2, Operator Shift-3, Shift Leader, dan Supporting Team. Lalu, untuk pajanan BTX secara dermal terdapat 2 SEG, yaitu Operator dan Shift Leader. Untuk pajanan inhalasi benzene, SEG Operator Shift-1, Operator Shift-2, dan Shift Leader memiliki tingkat risiko kesehatan tinggi (high risk), sedangkan SEG lainnya memiliki tingkat risiko moderat (moderate risk). Untuk pajanan aditif toluene dengan xylene secara inhalasi hanya SEG Operator Shift-3 yang memiliki tingkat risiko moderat (moderate risk), sedangkan SEG lainnya memiliki tingkat risiko rendah (low risk). Untuk pajanan secara dermal, kedua SEG memiliki tingkat risiko tinggi (high risk) akibat pajanan benzene, sedangkan akibat pajanan toluene dan xylene kedua SEG memiliki tingkat risiko moderat (moderate risk). Rekomendasi yang diberikan adalah mengganti nozzle menjadi nozzle otomatis, memasang vapor recovery system, memasang rubber splash collars di sekitar nozzle, dan memberlakukan layanan self-service.
The high evaporation rate of benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) in gasoline puts workers at public fuel stations (SPBU) at high risk of inhalation exposure to BTX. The existence of motor vehicle refueling activities and underground tank filling activities puts workers at high risk of dermal contact with BTX containing gasoline. This study aims to assess the level of health risk to workers at gas station X Beji Depok due to BTX exposure through inhalation and dermal exposure routes. The research design used was descriptive analysis using the CHRA method from DOSH Malaysia to assess the level of health risk. The health risk assessment of inhalation exposure route was done quantitatively. The health risk assessment of the dermal exposure route was carried out qualitatively. Based on observations and interviews, there are 5 similar exposure groups (SEG) for BTX inhalation exposure, namely Operator Shift-1, Operator Shift-2, Operator Shift-3, Shift Leader, and Supporting Team. Then, for dermal BTX exposure, there are 2 SEG, namely Operator and Shift Leader. For benzene inhalation exposure, the SEG of Operator Shift-1, Operator Shift-2, and Shift Leader have a high health risk level, while the other SEG have a moderate risk level. For inhalation exposure to toluene additive with xylene, only the SEG of Operator Shift-3 have a moderate risk level, while the other SEG have a low risk level. For dermal exposure, both SEG have a high risk level due to benzene exposure, while due to toluene and xylene exposure both SEG have a moderate risk level. Recommendations are to change the nozzle to an automatic nozzle, install a vapor recovery system, install rubber splash collars around the nozzle, and implement self-service.
S-11744
Depok : FKM UI, 2024
S1 - Skripsi Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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Prilyana Fajria Imawati; Pembimbing: Mila Tejamaya; Penguji: Hendra, Elsye As Shafira
Abstrak:
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis risiko kesehatan terkait pajanan bahaya kimia benzene, toluene, dan xylene pada pekerja di unit pengolahan minyak dan gas bumi. Penelitian ini menganalisis pajanan bahaya kimia benzene, toluene, dan xylene di dua unit pengolahan minyak bumi menggunakan metode Chemical Hazard Risk Assessment dari Departemen of Safety and Health Malaysia Tahun 2018. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa benzene termasuk dalam kategori tingkat risiko kesehatan tinggi, sedangkan toluene dan xylene termasuk dalam kategori tingkat risiko kesehatan rendah. Tingkat pajanan bahaya kimia benzene, toluene, dan xylene dengan nilai rata-rata tertinggi berada pada unit laboratorim.
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S-10723
Depok : FKM UI, 2021
S1 - Skripsi Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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Sukardi; Pembimbing: Fatma Lestari; Penguji: Dadan Erwandi, Elsye As Safira, Novianti Sulistyowati
Abstrak:
Tesis ini membahas Pajanan Penanganan Bahan Kimia Berbahaya Beracun (B3)Benzene dan xylene pada Divisi Industrial Chemical Specialties PT ClariantIndonesia. Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pajanan Benzene danxylene serta untuk mengetahui upaya pengendalian yang sudah dilakukan.Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan desain deskriptif. Datadikumpulkan dengan membagikan kuesioner terbuka dan melakukan pengukuranlangsung dengan metode personal active sampling untuk mengetahui kadarBenzene dan xylene di tempat kerja . Hasil penelitian menyarankan bahwakaryawan perlu meningkatkan kesadaran dalam menggunakan alat pelindung diripada saat bersinggungan dengan bahan kimia B3. Perusahaan perlu melakukanreview terhadap PPE management khususnya respirator. Perusahaan juga perlumeningkatkan program preventive maintenance terhadap sarana dan prasaranayang terkait dengan penanganan bahan kimia Benzene dan xylene.Kata kunci:Kajian Pajanan B3, Benzene, Xylene
The focus of this study is the exposure assessment of handling Dangerous Goodsbenzene and xylene in Industrial Chemical Specialties Department at PTABCIndonesia. The purpose of this study is to analyze the exposure of benzeneand xylene also to evaluate the control programs of dangerous chemical exposure.This study is a qualitative research with descriptive interpretive. The data werecollected by open questionnaires and environment monitoring by personalsampling method to ensure the level of air quality. From the results, theresearcher suggests that workers need to increase awareness regarding personalprotective equipment used especially when handling dangerous goods chemicals.Company also has to improve management of personal protective equipmentwhich involved all workers who contact with dangerous chemicals. Company alsohas to improve preventive maintenance programs to equipments related withhandling benzene and xyleneKeywords:Exposure Assessment of Dangerous Goods, Benzene, Xylene.
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The focus of this study is the exposure assessment of handling Dangerous Goodsbenzene and xylene in Industrial Chemical Specialties Department at PTABCIndonesia. The purpose of this study is to analyze the exposure of benzeneand xylene also to evaluate the control programs of dangerous chemical exposure.This study is a qualitative research with descriptive interpretive. The data werecollected by open questionnaires and environment monitoring by personalsampling method to ensure the level of air quality. From the results, theresearcher suggests that workers need to increase awareness regarding personalprotective equipment used especially when handling dangerous goods chemicals.Company also has to improve management of personal protective equipmentwhich involved all workers who contact with dangerous chemicals. Company alsohas to improve preventive maintenance programs to equipments related withhandling benzene and xyleneKeywords:Exposure Assessment of Dangerous Goods, Benzene, Xylene.
T-4660
Depok : FKM-UI, 2016
S2 - Tesis Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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Susatyo Aji Wibowo; Pembimbing: L. Meily Kurniawidjaja; Penguji: Fatma Lestari, Robiana Modjo, Audist Indirasasi Subekti, Puthut Tri Prasetyo
T-3044
Depok : FKM-UI, 2008
S2 - Tesis Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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Irwan Mulyadi; Pembimbing: Mila Tejamaya; Penguji: Abdul Kadir, Hendra, Elsye As Safira, Enjarlis
Abstrak:
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Pekerja laboratorium terpajan berbagai bahan kimia saat melakukan aktivitasnya. Bahan kimia yang sering digunakan dalam pengujian di laboratorium adalah pelarut organik seperti etilbenzena, toluena, dan xilena, yang ketiganya memiliki risiko terhadap kesehatan. Penilaian risiko kesehatan terkait pajanan ketiga bahan kimia yang diteliti menggunakan metode CHRA dari DOSH Malaysia. Penilaian risiko kesehatan dilakukan secara kualitatif melalui penilaian tingkat bahaya (Hazard Rating) dan tingkat pajanan (Exposure Rating). Kecukupan metode pengendalian yang ada (eksisting) juga dievaluasi dalam rangka menilai prioritas aksi (Action Priority). Laboratorium telah menerapkan beberapa pengendalian, antara lain penggunaan exhaust fan, pembukaan jendela dan pintu, pemberlakuan SOP, dan tempat penyimpanan tertutup untuk bahan pelarut. Dari hasil analisis, ditemukan bahwa tingkat risiko pajanan secara inhalasi bernilai 12 (risiko sedang) dan tingkat risiko pajanan secara dermal bernilai 2 (sedang). Dengan kondisi tersebut, diperlukan adanya perbaikan untuk pengendalian risiko yang ada, antara lain penggunaan lemari asam untuk proses yang melibatkan bahan kimia berbahaya, melakukan MCU untuk mengetahui kondisi kesehatan pekerja setelah terpapar BTEX, dan penyediaan APD seperti jas laboratorium, respirator dengan cartridge organic vapor, dan sarung tangan.
Laboratory workers are exposed to various chemicals during their activities. Chemicals that are often used in laboratory testing are organic solvents such as ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylene, all of which have health risks. The health risk assessment related to exposure to the three chemicals studied used the CHRA method from DOSH Malaysia. The health risk assessment was carried out qualitatively through an assessment of the level of hazard (Hazard Rating) and the level of exposure (Exposure Rating). The adequacy of existing control methods was also evaluated in order to assess action priorities. The laboratory has implemented several controls, including the use of exhaust fans, opening windows and doors, implementing SOPs, and closed storage for solvents. From the analysis, it was found that the inhalation exposure risk level was 12 (moderate risk) and the dermal exposure risk level was 2 (moderate). With these conditions, improvements are needed to control existing risks, including the use of fume hoods for processes involving hazardous chemicals, conducting MCUs to determine the health conditions of workers after exposure to BTEX, and providing PPE such as laboratory coats, respirators with organic vapor cartridges, and gloves.
T-7150
Depok : FKM UI, 2024
S2 - Tesis Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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Penilaian Risiko Keselamatan Dan Kesehatan Kerja Di Departemen Produksi Line Bubut PT. XY Tahun 2021
Putri Wulan Kusuma Ningsih; Pembimbing: L. Meily Kurniawidjaja; Penguji: Zulkifli Djunaidi, Yuni Kusminanti
Abstrak:
Penelitian ini membahas tentang penilaian risiko keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja di departemen produksi line bubut PT. XY tahun 2021. Identifikasi bahaya dan risiko menggunakan metode Job Hazard Analysis (JHA). Analisis risiko dilakukan secara semi kuantitatif yang mengacu kepada AS/NZS 4360:2004 tentang Risk Management dan perhitungan tingkat risiko dihitung sesuai dengan formula menurut William T. Fine (1971). Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan komunikasi secara online untuk mendapat data awal dan sepanjangan identifikasi serta penilaian risiko di line bubut, wawancara online kepada operator produksi line bubut, dan studi literatur. Hasil penelitian didapatkan 3 tahapan kegiatan, 14 tugas, serta 54 bahaya dan risiko yang terdapat di departemen line bubut PT. XY. Hasil penilaian risiko, didapatkan risiko yang paling banyak ditemukan di line bubut berkaitan dengan bahaya fisik. Hasil tingkat existing risk di line bubut terdapat empat bahaya dan risiko tertinggi diantaranya, korsleting listrik, jari tangan terjepit chuck mesin bubut, terhirup asap bubut, dan kebisingan dengan kategori Very High.
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S-10815
Depok : FKM UI, 2021
S1 - Skripsi Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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