Ditemukan 36572 dokumen yang sesuai dengan query :: Simpan CSV
Roissiana Khotami; Pembimbing: Vetty Yulianty Permanasari; Penguji: Dumilah Ayuningtyas, Aries Hamzah
Abstrak:
Read More
Diabetes merupakan penyakit menahun berupa gangguan metabolik yang ditandai dengan kenaikan kadar gula darah. Prevalensi diabetes di dunia mencapai 537 juta orang dan diproyeksikan terus meningkat setiap tahunnya. Indonesia menempati peringkat ke-7 diantara 10 negara dengan jumlah penderita diabetes melitus terbanyak. Konsumsi gula yang tinggi pada minuman berpemanis mampu meningkatkan risiko untuk terjadinya penyakit sindrom metabolik, termasuk diabetes mellitus tipe 2. Minuman berpemanis memiliki eksternalitas negatif, maka dari itu perlu diterapkan cukai pada minuman tersebut untuk mengurangi konsumsinya. WHO telah merekomendasikan untuk menerapkan cukai pada minuman berpemanis. Lebih dari 40 negara telah menerapkan kebijakan ini. Namun Indonesia belum menerapkan kebijakan cukai minuman berpemanis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui implementasi cukai minuman berpemanis di berbagai negara dan bagaimana implikasi dari kebijakan tersebut. Metode yang digunakan adalah literature review dengan menggunakan online database seperti PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer Link dan Scopus yang menghasilkan 15 artikel terinklusi yakni artikel yang terbit sepuluh tahun terakhir (2013-2023). Hasil studi terinklusi dari 15 artikel menjelaskan bahwa negara yang telah mengimplementasikan cukai minuman berpemanis menetapkan tarif cukai dengan sistem cukai spesifik berdasarkan volume atau kadar gula serta ad valorem berdasarkan persentase harga produk. Implikasi dari kebijakan cukai minuman berpemanis di bidang kesehatan dapat menyebabkan penurunan konsumsi minuman berpemanis karena kenaikan harga barang yang menyebabkan konsumen memilih untuk beralih ke minuman yang lebih sehat, menyebabkan penurunan asupan energi, penurunan prevalensi penyakit tidak menular seperti obesitas, diabetes mellitus tipe 2 dan penyakit kardiovaskular, serta penghematan biaya perawatan kesehatan akibat penyakit tersebut. Sedangkan di bidang ekonomi, cukai minuman berpemanis dapat menambah penerimaan negara, tidak berdampak terhadap hilangnya pekerjaan dan menyebabkan resistensi industri terhadap kebijakan cukai minuman berpemanis.
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by increased blood sugar levels. The prevalence of diabetes in the world reaches 537 million people and is projected to continue to increase each year. Indonesia ranks 7th among the 10 countries with the highest number of people with diabetes. High sugar consumption in sugar-sweetened beverages can increase the risk of metabolic syndrome diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus. Sweetened drinks have a negative externality, so it is necessary to apply a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages to reduce their consumption. The WHO has recommended a tax on sweetened beverages. More than 40 countries have implemented this policy. However, Indonesia has not implemented the tax on sugar-sweetened beverages. The aim of this study is to find out about the implementation of sugar-sweetened beverage taxes in different countries and the implications of such policies. The method used was a literature review using online databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer Link, and Scopus, which produced 15 articles. (2013-2023). The results of the study included in 15 articles explained that countries that have implemented sweetened beverage taxes set tax rates with a specific tax system based on the volume or sugar rate and ad valorem based on a percentage of the product price. Implications of alcoholic beverage tax policies in the field of health may lead to a decrease in alcoholic beverage consumption due to rising commodity prices that cause consumers to choose to switch to healthier beverages, resulting in decreased energy intake, reduced prevalence of non-communicable diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases, as well as savings in healthcare costs due to these diseases. In the economic sphere, heated beverage taxes can increase state receipts, do not affect job losses, and cause industry resistance to sugar-sweetened beverage tax policies.
S-11319
Depok : FKM-UI, 2023
S1 - Skripsi Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
☉
Muhammad Rizal; Pembimbing: Pujiyanto; Penguji: Atik Nurwahyuni, Agus Rahmanto
Abstrak:
Skripsi ini membahas kebijakan tarif cukai pada minuman berpemanis (sugarsweetened beverages) yang diterapkan di negara Arab Saudi, Amerika Serikat, Barbados, Chili, Filipina, Inggris, Jerman, Meksiko, Perancis, Spanyol, dan Zambia. Tujuan penulisan ini untuk mengetahui hubungan penerapan kebijakan tersebut terhadap penurunan konsumsi minuman berpemanis dan kejadian overweight dan obesitas. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode literature review yang dilakukan pada 20 artikel terpilih dengan tahun publikasi dari 2010-2020. Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa kebijakan tarif cukai dapat menurunkan konsumsi minuman berpemanis, sehingga berpotensi mencegah kejadian overweight dan obesitas. Keberhasilan penerapan kebijakan tarif cukai ini didorong oleh beberapa faktor seperti dukungan antar lembaga, skema pajak yang diterapkan, hingga kesadaran masyarakat. Kata kunci: Tarif cukai, kebijakan pajak, minuman berpemanis This thesis discusses the implementation of excise tax policy on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) in various countries, such as Saudi Arabia, United States, Barbados, Chili, Philippine, United Kingdom, Germany, Mexico, France, Spain, and Zambia as an effort to prevent noncommunicable diseases. The aim is to find out the relationship between the application of the policy to the decrease in consumption and the incidence of overweight and obesity. This study is a qualitative research with a literature review approach on 20 published articles between 2010-2020. The results showed that excise tax policy can reduce the consumption of SSB, so that it could potentially prevent overweight and obesity. The successful implementation of the excise policy encourages several factors such as inter-agency support, scheme of tax applied, to public awareness. Key words: Excise tax, tax policy, sugar-sweetened beverages
Read More
S-10332
Depok : FKM-UI, 2020
S1 - Skripsi Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
☉
Wiky Fhalyang Razaki; Pembimbing: Septiara Putri; Penguji: Vetty Yulianty Permanasari, Ajeng Tias Endarti
Abstrak:
Pada tahun 2018, menurut data Riskesdas konsumsi minuman beralkohol ilegal di Indonesia mendominasi dengan angka signifikan mencapai 66,2% dari total konsumsi alkohol nasional. Kebijakan cukai telah diidentifikasi sebagai alat efektif dalam mengendalikan konsumsi dan mendukung pengendalian kesehatan masyarakat. Metode yang digunakan adalah literature review dengan menggunakan online database seperti PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer Link, Scopus, dan Google Scholar yang menghasilkan 14 artikel terinklusi yakni artikel yang terbit sepuluh tahun terakhir (2014-2024). Hasil studi terinklusi dari 14 artikel menjelaskan bahwa kebijakan cukai yang dirancang dengan baik, disertai dengan pengawasan distribusi yang kuat, dapat secara signifikan menurunkan angka konsumsi alkohol ilegal sekaligus meningkatkan pendapatan negara. Selain itu, edukasi publik mengenai risiko kesehatan konsumsi alkohol ilegal terbukti menjadi faktor kunci dalam keberhasilan kebijakan pengendalian. Negara yang telah mengimplementasikan kebijakan pengawasan dan pengendalian minuman beralkohol ilegal menetapkan tarif cukai dengan menggunakan sistem cukai spesifik yang didasarkan pada volume atau kandungan etanol dalam produk, misalnya tarif per liter sesuai kategori alkohol, serta cukai ad valorem pada persentase harga produk, cocok untuk negara berkembang dengan inflasi tinggi karena melindungi basis pajak dari efek inflasi. Analisis pada pembahasan menunjukkan bahwa cukai yang terlalu tinggi dapat menciptakan efek substitusi terhadap produk ilegal. Implikasi dari kebijakan cukai di bidang kesehatan dapat menyebabkan penurunan konsumsi minuman beralkohol ilegal karena kenaikan harga barang yang menyebabkan konsumen memilih untuk beralih ke minuman yang lebih sehat, menyebabkan penurunan prevalensi penyakit tidak menular seperti kardiovaskular dan kanker, serta penghematan biaya perawatan kesehatan akibat penyakit tersebut. Sedangkan di bidang sosial ekonomi, dapat menambah penerimaan negara, serta menurunkan kriminalitas
In 2018, according to Riskesdas data, the consumption of illegal alcoholic beverages in Indonesia dominated with a significant figure, reaching 66.2% of the total national alcohol consumption.. Excise policies have been identified as an effective tool for controlling consumption and supporting public health management. This study utilizes a literature review method by sourcing data from online databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer Link, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Fourteen articles published in the last ten years (2014–2024) were included. The results from the 14 included studies indicate that well-designed excise policies, accompanied by strong distribution monitoring, can significantly reduce illegal alcohol consumption while simultaneously increasing state revenue. Additionally, public education on the health risks of consuming illegal alcohol has proven to be a key factor in the success of control policies. Countries that have implemented monitoring and control policies for illegal alcoholic beverages have adopted excise rates using specific excise systems based on the volume or ethanol content in the product (e.g., rates per liter according to alcohol category) and ad valorem excise taxes based on the product's price percentage. This is particularly suitable for developing countries with high inflation as it protects the tax base from inflationary effects. The analysis in the discussion suggests that excessively high excise rates can lead to substitution effects toward illegal products. The implications of excise policies in the health sector include a reduction in illegal alcohol consumption due to increased product prices, encouraging consumers to switch to healthier beverages. This leads to a decreased prevalence of non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer, as well as cost savings in healthcare expenditures for treating such illnesses. In the socio-economic sector, excise policies contribute to increasing state revenue and reducing crime rates.
Read More
In 2018, according to Riskesdas data, the consumption of illegal alcoholic beverages in Indonesia dominated with a significant figure, reaching 66.2% of the total national alcohol consumption.. Excise policies have been identified as an effective tool for controlling consumption and supporting public health management. This study utilizes a literature review method by sourcing data from online databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer Link, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Fourteen articles published in the last ten years (2014–2024) were included. The results from the 14 included studies indicate that well-designed excise policies, accompanied by strong distribution monitoring, can significantly reduce illegal alcohol consumption while simultaneously increasing state revenue. Additionally, public education on the health risks of consuming illegal alcohol has proven to be a key factor in the success of control policies. Countries that have implemented monitoring and control policies for illegal alcoholic beverages have adopted excise rates using specific excise systems based on the volume or ethanol content in the product (e.g., rates per liter according to alcohol category) and ad valorem excise taxes based on the product's price percentage. This is particularly suitable for developing countries with high inflation as it protects the tax base from inflationary effects. The analysis in the discussion suggests that excessively high excise rates can lead to substitution effects toward illegal products. The implications of excise policies in the health sector include a reduction in illegal alcohol consumption due to increased product prices, encouraging consumers to switch to healthier beverages. This leads to a decreased prevalence of non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer, as well as cost savings in healthcare expenditures for treating such illnesses. In the socio-economic sector, excise policies contribute to increasing state revenue and reducing crime rates.
S-11831
Depok : FKM UI, 2025
S1 - Skripsi Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
☉
Rainy Fathiyah; Pembimbing: Anhari Achadi; Penguji: Ayu Dewi Sartika, Dumilah Ayuningtyas, Yoan Hotnida Naomi, Ackhmad Afflazir
Abstrak:
revalensi masalah kesehatan yang berhubungan dengan minuman berpemanis gula seperti obesitas dan DM tipe 2 mengalami peningkatan walaupun sudah ada kebijakan pengendalian minuman berpemanis gula. Saat ini, Pemerintah berencana meningkatkan fungsi cukai sebagai penerimaan negara dan pengatur barang konsumsi, untuk mewujudkannya dengan memperluas barang kena cukai pada minuman berpemanis gula. Minuman berpemanis gula adalah minuman yang diberi tambahan gula dan mempunyai nilai kalori dan nutrisi. Penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif dengan data primer melalui wawancara mendalam terhadap informan terpilih dilengkapi data sekunder dari telaah dokumen berupa peraturan, jurnal ilmiah, data hasil riset, buku, dan media lainnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis proses kebijakan, peran aktor kebijakan, lingkungan strategis dan konteks kebijakan yang mempengaruhi formulasi kebijakan cukai minuman berpemanis gula di Indonesia. Dalam penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa proses formulasi kebijakan cukai minuman berpemanis gula dipengaruhi oleh faktor diantaranya para aktor kebijakan, lingkungan strategis dan konteks kebijakan. Peran, persepsi, komitmen dari aktor kebijakan mempengaruhi proses formulasi kebijakan cukai minuman berpermanis gula. Aspek kesehatan-hukum merupakan dasar pertimbangan dalam mewujudkan kebijakan cukai sedangkan faktor politik merupakan merupakan kunci bagi sebuah kebijakan untuk dapat diwujudkan menjadi hukum positif. Agar pengendalian obesitas dan DM tipe 2 menghasilkan daya ungkit yang maksimal, disarankan pembentukan kebijakan cukai minuman berpemanis gula dilakukan secara komprehensif yaitu gabungan pendekatan fiskal (penerapan cukai) dan non fiskal. Merekomendasikan kepada Kementerian Keuangan, Kementerian Perindustrian, Kementerian Kesehatan agar menyiapkan berbagai upaya untuk memperkuat posisi dan peranannya dalam menyiapkan strategi komunikasi politik dan komunikasi publik serta advokasi kebijakan agar kebijakan cukai ini mampu laksana di lingkungan Pemerintah, industri minuman ringan dan masyarakat.
The prevalence of health problems related to sugar sweetened beverages such as obesity and type two diabetes mellitus has increased despite the existing policy to control sugar sweetened beverages. At present, the Government plans to improve the function of excise as state revenue and regulating consumer goods, to realize this by expanding exciseable goods on sugar-sweetened beverages. Sugar sweetened beverages are beverages that are added sugar and have caloric and nutritional value. This is qualitative study with primary data through in-depth interviews with selected informants supplemented by secondary data from document review in the form of regulations, scientific journals, research data, books and other media. This study aims to analyze the policy process and role of policy actors, the strategic environment and the policy context those apect that influence sugar sweetened beverage tax policy formulation in Indonesia. In this study, it was found that the process of Sugar Sweetened Beverages Tax Policy Formulation was influenced by policy actors, strategic environment and policy context. The roles, perceptions, and commitments of policy actors influence process of formulating Sugar Sweetened Beverages Tax Policy. The health-law aspect are the basis for consideration in realizing excise policy while the political factor is the key for a policy to be transformed into positive law. In order to control obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2 produce maximum leverage, it is recommended that the establishment of a sugar sweetened beverage tax policy formulation be carried out comprehensively, consist of combination of fiscal (tax) and non-fiscal approaches. Recommend to the Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Industry, Ministry of Health to prepare various efforts to strengthen their position and role in preparing a strategy for political and public communication as well as policy advocacy so that this sugar sweetened beverages tax policy can be implemented within the Government, soft drink industry and society
Read More
The prevalence of health problems related to sugar sweetened beverages such as obesity and type two diabetes mellitus has increased despite the existing policy to control sugar sweetened beverages. At present, the Government plans to improve the function of excise as state revenue and regulating consumer goods, to realize this by expanding exciseable goods on sugar-sweetened beverages. Sugar sweetened beverages are beverages that are added sugar and have caloric and nutritional value. This is qualitative study with primary data through in-depth interviews with selected informants supplemented by secondary data from document review in the form of regulations, scientific journals, research data, books and other media. This study aims to analyze the policy process and role of policy actors, the strategic environment and the policy context those apect that influence sugar sweetened beverage tax policy formulation in Indonesia. In this study, it was found that the process of Sugar Sweetened Beverages Tax Policy Formulation was influenced by policy actors, strategic environment and policy context. The roles, perceptions, and commitments of policy actors influence process of formulating Sugar Sweetened Beverages Tax Policy. The health-law aspect are the basis for consideration in realizing excise policy while the political factor is the key for a policy to be transformed into positive law. In order to control obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2 produce maximum leverage, it is recommended that the establishment of a sugar sweetened beverage tax policy formulation be carried out comprehensively, consist of combination of fiscal (tax) and non-fiscal approaches. Recommend to the Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Industry, Ministry of Health to prepare various efforts to strengthen their position and role in preparing a strategy for political and public communication as well as policy advocacy so that this sugar sweetened beverages tax policy can be implemented within the Government, soft drink industry and society
T-6124
Depok : FKM-UI, 2021
S2 - Tesis Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
☉
Fijra Tamriz Syamlan; Pembimbing: Puput Oktamianti; Penguji: Dumilah Ayuningtyas, Deksa Presiana
Abstrak:
Tingginya beban ekonomi yang harus ditanggung negara akibat membiayai pengobatan penyakit tidak menular menyebabkan suatu negara harus bertindak tegas. Salah satu pemicu penyakit tidak menular yang popular di berbagai belahan dunia adalah konsumsi gula berlebih yang berujung pada kelebihan berat badan dan obesitas. Meskipun sudah ada beberapa upaya yang mengatur pembatasan konsumsi gula, namun, konsumsi gula masih tinggi. Maka, diperlukan instrumen yang lebih kuat untuk mengatur konsumsi masyarakat, yakni melalui cukai. Di Asia Tenggara, beberapa negara sudah menerapkan kebijakan ini, namun, sejauh ini Indonesia masih dalam tahap pembahasan. Penelitian ini bertujuan unruk mendapatkan gambaran dampak penerapan kebijakan cukai pada produk SSB di negara-negara di Asia Tenggara yang sudah menerapkan kebijakan ini sehingga dapat diketahui bagaimana justifikasi dan mekanisme kebijakan ini dapat diterapkan di Indonesia apabila ingin diterapkan. Penelitian ini merupakan studi kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode scoping review dengan basis data PubMed, PMC, dan Google Scholar. Pendekatan Input Process Output (IPO) juga dilakukan agar penelitian yang dilakukan terarah. Hasil pencarian hanya menunjukkan data dari Filipina. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada kenaikan harga sebesar 6 PHP atau 13,3% per liter pada minuman kola reguler, didapatkan penurunan konsumsi sampai dengan 18,75% pada masyarakat Filipina. Penurunan konsumsi terbesar terjadi pada tiga kuintil terbawah, yakni mereka yang berpendapatan rendah. Dari hasil yang didapat, dibuat sebuah model simulasi pengenaan cukai terhadap produk Sugar Sweetened Beverages (SSB) di Indonesia dan melihat dampak positif kesehatan yang terjadi seperti penghematan pengeluaran masyarakat untuk biaya out-of-pocket atas penyakit yang diderita dan pengeluaran belanja kesehatan dari pemerintah dalam menanggung beban penyakit, adapun dampak negatif yang terjadi adalah pada bidang industri dimana terjadi kerugian ekonomi pada para pelaku usaha secara jangka pendek sampai menengah. Peneliti menyimpulkan bahwa kebijakan ini dapat diterapkan di Indonesia dan bahwa dampak positif yang terjadi lebih besar dibandingkan dampak negatif yang dihasilkan. Beberapa hal yang diusulkan dari penelitian ini antara lain ialah mengadopsi kebijakan yang diusulkan dengan memperhatikan beberapa poin tertentu agar tidak merugikan pelaku usaha menengah kebawah serta mengoptimalisasi regulasi yang telah ada.
Read More
S-10117
Depok : FKM-UI, 2019
S1 - Skripsi Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
☉
Alphin Nilam Sari; Pembimbing: Amal Chalik Sjaaf; Penguji: Prastuti Soewondo, Harimat Hendrawan
Abstrak:
Read More
Berdasarkan laporan pemantauan global WHO pada tahun 2023 mengenai pelacakan cakupan kesehatan universal yang diluncurkan pada tanggal 18 September 2023 oleh WHO dan Bank Dunia, menunjukkan bahwa 400 juta orang tidak memiliki akses terhadap pelayanan kesehatan dasar, dan 40% penduduk dunia tidak memiliki akses terhadap jaminan sosial serta 4,5 miliar orang tidak sepenuhnya tercakup dalam layanan kesehatan penting pada tahun 2021, dan 2 miliar orang mengalami bencana belanja kesehatan akibat pengeluaran yang dikeluarkan sendiri untuk kesehatan atau out of pocket. Universal Health Coverage (UHC) berarti bahwa semua orang menerima layanan kesehatan berkualitas yang mereka perlukan tanpa mengalami kesulitan keuangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran implementasi kebijakan Universal Health Coverage (UHC) dalam meningkatkan kesehatan di berbagai negara dengan metode Literature review yang menganalisis 8 artikel terinklusi dari 350 artikel pada empat online database (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Springer Link). Penelitian ini menekankan kerangka kerja sistem kesehatan WHO yang dikenal dengan Six Building Blocks yang terdiri dari enam pilar meliputi aspekaspek pelayanan kesehatan, tenaga kesehatan, sistem informasi kesehatan, akses terhadap layanan kesehatan, obat-obatan, pembiayaan kesehatan, dan kepemimpinan atau tata Kelola. Implementasi Universal Health Coverage (UHC) di dunia saat ini menunjukkan perkembangan yang signifikan, meskipun masih menghadapi sejumlah tantangan yang bervariasi dari setiap negara yang disebabkan perbedaan karakteristik penduduk, pemasukan negara, ekonomi dan geografis.
According to WHO's 2023 global monitoring report on tracking universal health coverage launched on September 18, 2023 by WHO and the World Bank, 400 million people do not have access to basic health services, 40% of the world's population does not have access to social security, 4.5 billion people are not fully covered by essential health services by 2021, and 2 billion people experience health spending disasters due to out of pocket health expenditures. Universal Health Coverage (UHC) means that all people receive the quality health services they need without experiencing financial hardship. This study aims to describe the implementation of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) policies in improving health in various countries using the Literature review method which analyzed 8 articles included from 350 articles in four online databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Springer Link). This study emphasizes the WHO health system framework known as the Six Building Blocks which consists of six pillars including aspects of health services, health workers, health information systems, access to health services, medicines, health financing, and leadership or governance. The implementation of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in the world is currently showing significant progress, although it still faces a number of challenges.
S-11800
Depok : FKM UI, 2024
S1 - Skripsi Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
☉
Magdalena Puspita Ayu Mahanani; Pembimbing: Septiara Putri; Penguji: Helen Andriani, Hasbullah Thabrany
Abstrak:
Read More
Secara global, jumlah perokok di seluruh dunia mencapai 1,3 milyar orang dengan 942 juta laki-laki dan 175 juta perempuan yang berusia lebih dari 15 tahun. Badan Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) memperkirakan sekitar 5.4 juta orang di dunia meninggal akibat penyakit terkait rokok pada tahun 2006 dan diprediksi akan mencapai 8 juta di tahun 2030. Rokok memiliki banyak dampak negatif terhadap kesehatan maka dari itu perlu diterapkan kebijakan pengendalian tembakau sebagai upaya mengurangi epidemi tembakau. WHO dan negara-negara anggotanya telah mengajukan Kerangka Konvensi Pengendalian Tembakau atau Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) untuk menyusun agenda global yang mengatur pengendalian tembakau. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui implementasi dan implikasi kebijakan pengendalian tembakau serta tantangan dan hambatan dalam penerapan FCTC di berbagai negara. Metode yang digunakan yaitu literature review dengan menggunakan online database seperti PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer Link dan Scopus yang menghasilkan 15 artikel terinklusi yang terbit pada tahun 2014-2024. Hasil analisis artikel menjelaskan bahwa implementasi FCTC di suatu negara dapat diterapkan dengan menggunakan strategi MPOWER yaitu enam poin utama kebijakan pengendalian tembakau baik dari segi permintaan maupun pasokan. Implikasi dari penerapan kebijakan pengendalian tembakau yaitu dapat mengurangi epidemi tembakau, mencegah kematian akibat merokok, menghemat biaya perawatan kesehatan dan menambah pendapatan negara. Tantangan dan hambatan dalam penerapan FCTC antara lain adanya perlawanan dari industri tembakau, lemahnya penegakan hukum, mudahnya akses produk tembakau dengan harga yang terjangkau, rendahnya kesadaran masyarakat akan bahaya tembakau, adanya penyelundupan rokok, kurangnya keahlian dalam implementasi kebijakan berhenti merokok serta tidak adanya anggaran yang ditargetkan untuk kampanye media atau kegiatan pengendalian tembakau lainnya.
Globally, the number of smokers worldwide has reached 1.3 billion people, with 942 million men and 175 million women aged over 15 years. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that around 5.4 million people in the world died from smoking-related diseases in 2006 and is predicted to reach 8 million in 2030. Cigarettes have many negative impacts on health, therefore it is necessary to implement tobacco control policies as an effort to reduce the epidemic of tobacco. WHO and its member countries have proposed the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) to develop a global agenda governing tobacco control. The aim of this research is to determine the implementation and implications of tobacco control policies as well as the challenges and barriers in implementing FCTC in various countries. The method used is a literature review using online databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer Link and Scopus which produced 15 included articles published in 2014-2024. The results of the article analysis explain that the implementation of FCTC in a country can be implemented using the MPOWER strategy, namely the six main points of tobacco control policy both in terms of demand and supply. The implications of implementing tobacco control policies are that they can reduce the tobacco epidemic, prevent deaths due to smoking, save health care costs and increase state revenues. Challenges and obstacles in implementing the FCTC include resistance from the tobacco industry, weak law enforcement, easy access to tobacco products at affordable prices, low public awareness of the dangers of tobacco, cigarette smuggling, lack of expertise in implementing smoking cessation policies and the absence of an adequate budget targeted for media campaigns or other tobacco control activities.
S-11631
Depok : FKM-UI, 2024
S1 - Skripsi Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
☉
Adam Faturrahman Setiadi; Pembimbing: Vetty Yulianty Permanasari; Penguji: Helen Andriani, Zakiah
Abstrak:
Dinamika kasus COVID-19 hingga tahun 2022 masih berlangsung di berbagai dunia dan mengakibatkan fluktuasi angka morbiditas dan mortalitas yang tinggi. Berbagai ledakan kasus akibat Variant of Concern (VOC) berdampak secara langsung kepada puskesmas sebagai layanan primer. Untuk melakukan penguatan terhadap puskesmas diperlukan strategi kebijakan pengendalian COVID-19 berupa prevent, detect, dan respond yang diikuti dengan optimalisasi implementasi kebijakan yang dilakukan di lapangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran implementasi kebijakan pada tingkat puskesmas di era pandemi COVID-19 berdasarkan literature review. Analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah literature review dengan pendekatan PRISMA. Kebutuhan penelusuran literatur menggunakan online database berupa google scholar dan GARUDA sehingga didapatkan 14 literatur terinklusi. Selain itu, berbagai kepustakaan yang diperoleh dalam penelitian berbentuk artikel jurnal, report lembaga kesehatan, text book, dan website berbahasa Inggris dan Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa implementasi kebijakan di puskesmas masih ditemukan berbagai permasalahan serta hambatan antara lain pembuatan SOP yang tidak komprehensif diikuti kurangnya sosialisasi terkait SOP kepada petugas puskesmas, adanya keterbatasan jumlah petugas surveilans di puskesmas, pelatihan dan sosialisasi untuk melakukan tracing dan surveilans masih belum memadai, serta keterbatasan logistk kesehatan berupa obat-obatan terapi COVID-19 seperti oseltamivir, azitromisin, dan favipiravir. Kesimpulannya implementasi kebijakan di puskesmas masih belum berjalan dengan baik dikarenakan belum optimalnya penerapan kebijakan prevent, detect, dan respond dalam pengendalian COVID-19. Oleh karena itu, saran yang dapat diberikan yaitu pembuatan SOP penanganan COVID-19 yang komprehensif, memperkuat strategi komunikasi dan community engagement, melakukan perencanaan mengenai estimasi petugas surveilans, dan memfasilitas petugas kesehatan untuk mendapatkan program pelatihan.
The dynamics of COVID-19 cases until 2022 are still ongoing worldwide and resulting high fluctuations in morbidity and mortality rates. Various explosions of cases due to Variant of Concern (VOC) have a direct impact on puskesmas as primary care. To strengthen puskesmas, a policy strategy for controlling COVID-19 is needed in the form of prevention, detect, and response, followed by optimizing the implementation of policies carried out in the field. This study aims to describe the implementation of policies at the puskesmas level in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic based on a literature review. The analysis used in this study is a literature review with the PRISMA approach. The need for literature searches using online database in the form of Google Scholar and GARUDA so that 14 included literatures are obtained. In addition, various literatures obtained in the research are in the form of journal articles, reports from health institutions, text books, and websites in English and Indonesian. The result showed that the implementation of policies at the puskesmas still found various problems and obstacles, including the making of SOPs that were not comprehensive followed by a lack of socialization related to SOPs to puskesmas officers, the limited number of surveillance officers at the puskesmas, training and socialization for tracing and surveillance were still inadequate, and limited health logistics in the form of COVID-19 therapeutic drugs such as oseltamivir, azithromycin, and favipiravir. In conclusion, the implementation of policies at puskesmas has not gone well due to the lack of optimal implementation of preventive, detect, and response policies in controlling COVID-19. Therefore, suggestions that can be given are making a comprehensive SOP for handling COVID-19, strengthening communication strategies and community engagement, planning for surveillance officer estimates, and facilitating health workers to receive training programs.
Read More
The dynamics of COVID-19 cases until 2022 are still ongoing worldwide and resulting high fluctuations in morbidity and mortality rates. Various explosions of cases due to Variant of Concern (VOC) have a direct impact on puskesmas as primary care. To strengthen puskesmas, a policy strategy for controlling COVID-19 is needed in the form of prevention, detect, and response, followed by optimizing the implementation of policies carried out in the field. This study aims to describe the implementation of policies at the puskesmas level in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic based on a literature review. The analysis used in this study is a literature review with the PRISMA approach. The need for literature searches using online database in the form of Google Scholar and GARUDA so that 14 included literatures are obtained. In addition, various literatures obtained in the research are in the form of journal articles, reports from health institutions, text books, and websites in English and Indonesian. The result showed that the implementation of policies at the puskesmas still found various problems and obstacles, including the making of SOPs that were not comprehensive followed by a lack of socialization related to SOPs to puskesmas officers, the limited number of surveillance officers at the puskesmas, training and socialization for tracing and surveillance were still inadequate, and limited health logistics in the form of COVID-19 therapeutic drugs such as oseltamivir, azithromycin, and favipiravir. In conclusion, the implementation of policies at puskesmas has not gone well due to the lack of optimal implementation of preventive, detect, and response policies in controlling COVID-19. Therefore, suggestions that can be given are making a comprehensive SOP for handling COVID-19, strengthening communication strategies and community engagement, planning for surveillance officer estimates, and facilitating health workers to receive training programs.
S-11125
Depok : FKM-UI, 2022
S1 - Skripsi Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
☉
Ester Oktaviani Angelica; Pembimbing: Puput Oktamianti; Penguji: Purnawan Junadi, Helen Andriani
Abstrak:
Dalam menghadapi pandemi COVID-19, penggunaan masker menjadi salah satu langkah preventif yang direkomendasikan oleh WHO dan terbukti efektif dalam mencegah penyebaran infeksi COVID-19. Namun terdapat perbedaan implementasi kebijakan penggunaan masker di berbagai negara. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui gambaran kebijakan penggunaan masker di berbagai negara serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi adanya perbedaan kebijakan di berbagai negara tersebut. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah literature review dengan menggunakan empat online database yaitu PubMed, ProQuest, ScienceDirect dan Scopus. Kriteria insklusi yang diterapkan dalam penelitian ini antara lain: tersedia dalam Bahasa Indonesia maupun Bahasa inggris, merupakan literatur yang dipublikasi tahun 2020 sampai 2022, artikel tersedia dalam bentuk full-text dan fokus membahas perbedaan kebijakan penggunaan masker selama pandemi COVID-19 di berbagai negara. Penelitian ini menggunakan 10 studi literatur terpilih yang menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 5 kategori kebijakan penggunaan masker di berbagai negara yaitu; no policy, recommended, required in some public spaces, required in all public spaces, dan required outside-the-home at all time. Dalam penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kebijakan penggunaan masker di berbagai negara antara lain: perbedaan instrumen epidemiologi COVID-19, politik, policy demands, budaya, dan angka capaian vaksinasi. Ditemukan juga bahwa kebijakan penggunaan masker selama pandemi COVID-19 bersifat time dependent.
In the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of face masks is one of the preventive measures recommended by WHO and has proven effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19 infection. However, there are differences in the implementation of policies on the use of masks in various countries. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the description of face masks policy in various countries and the factors that influence the differences in policies in these countries. The method used in this research is a literature review using four online databases, namely PubMed, ProQuest, ScienceDirect and Scopus. The inclusion criteria applied in this study include: available in both Indonesian and English, literature published from 2020 to 2022, articles available in full-text form and focus on discussing differences in policies on the use of masks during the COVID-19 pandemic in various countries. This study uses 10 selected literature studies which show that there are 5 categories of face mask policies in various countries, namely; no policy, recommended, required in some public spaces, required in all public spaces, and required outdoors at all times. This study also found that the factors that influence the policy on the use of masks in various countries include COVID-19 epidemiological instruments differences, politics, policy demands, culture, and the level of vaccination achievement. In addition, it was also found that the policy on the use of masks during the COVID-19 pandemic is time dependent.
Read More
In the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of face masks is one of the preventive measures recommended by WHO and has proven effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19 infection. However, there are differences in the implementation of policies on the use of masks in various countries. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the description of face masks policy in various countries and the factors that influence the differences in policies in these countries. The method used in this research is a literature review using four online databases, namely PubMed, ProQuest, ScienceDirect and Scopus. The inclusion criteria applied in this study include: available in both Indonesian and English, literature published from 2020 to 2022, articles available in full-text form and focus on discussing differences in policies on the use of masks during the COVID-19 pandemic in various countries. This study uses 10 selected literature studies which show that there are 5 categories of face mask policies in various countries, namely; no policy, recommended, required in some public spaces, required in all public spaces, and required outdoors at all times. This study also found that the factors that influence the policy on the use of masks in various countries include COVID-19 epidemiological instruments differences, politics, policy demands, culture, and the level of vaccination achievement. In addition, it was also found that the policy on the use of masks during the COVID-19 pandemic is time dependent.
S-10990
Depok : FKMUI, 2022
S1 - Skripsi Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
☉
Fatia Sifa; Pembimbing: Wachyu Sulistiadi; Penguji: Septiara Putri, Mirza
Abstrak:
Pemeriksaan kesehatan pranikah merupakan serangkaian tes yang harus dilakukan calonpengantin sebelum menikah untuk mencegah terjadinya permasalahan kesehatan padacalon pengantin dan keturunannya kelak. Tidak semua orang mempunyai riwayatkesehatan yang baik walaupun dalam keadaan sehat. Skripsi ini membahas kebijakannegara-negara yang melaksanakan pemeriksaan kesehatan pranikah sebelum calonpengantin melangsungkan pernikahan. Ketentuan pemeriksaan kesehatan pranikah tiapnegara juga berbeda-beda baik dalam kewajibannya juga rangkaian tes yang dilakukan.Penelitian ini adalah review literatur dengan desain deskriptif. Hasil penelitianmenunjukan bahwa Indonesia masih jauh dari negara lainnya dalam pelaksanaan PHE,dibutuhkan evaluasi kebijakan sehingga dipatuhi dan berjalan lebih baik, meningkatkanpromosi kesehatan untuk meningkatkan kesadaran dan perilaku kesehatan dalammasayarakat.Kata kunci:Pemeriksaan kesehatan; calon pengantin; implementasi
Premarital screening is defined as testing couples who are going to be married in orderto prevent common genetic blood disease and infectious disease that may affect their nextgeneration. Some people might look healthy but they might be a carrier for hereditarydisease. This tresearch focused on policies concerning on premarital screening inIndonesia and other countries. The research uses Literature Review (LR) with descriptiveapproach. The result is PHE in Indonesia is still far from other countries implementationof PHE. Evaluation of PHE policy is needed to support PHE, ensure intervention healthpromotion to raise awareness and attitude of PHE.Key words:Premarital screening; marriage; implementation.
Read More
Premarital screening is defined as testing couples who are going to be married in orderto prevent common genetic blood disease and infectious disease that may affect their nextgeneration. Some people might look healthy but they might be a carrier for hereditarydisease. This tresearch focused on policies concerning on premarital screening inIndonesia and other countries. The research uses Literature Review (LR) with descriptiveapproach. The result is PHE in Indonesia is still far from other countries implementationof PHE. Evaluation of PHE policy is needed to support PHE, ensure intervention healthpromotion to raise awareness and attitude of PHE.Key words:Premarital screening; marriage; implementation.
S-10326
Depok : FKM-UI, 2020
S1 - Skripsi Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
☉
