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Instalasi Gawat Darurat (IGD) rumah sakit merupakan unit krusial yang sering mengalami kepadatan pasien, yaitu kondisi ketika jumlah pasien yang datang per satuan waktu melebihi kapasitas sumber daya dan ruang yang tersedia. Kepadatan ini berdampak pada penurunan kualitas pelayanan, peningkatan risiko keselamatan pasien, serta peningkatan beban kerja tenaga kesehatan. Studi ini bertujuan untuk meninjau faktor-faktor penyebab kepadatan dan dampaknya terhadap sistem pelayanan di IGD rumah sakit berdasarkan literature review. Penelitian ini merupakan studi literature review yang menggunakan sumber dari database PubMed, Scopus, dan Google Scholar dengan rentang tahun 2019–2024. Sebanyak 15 artikel dipilih berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi yang telah ditentukan. Faktor penyebab kepadatan pasien di Instalasi Gawat Darurat (IGD) rumah sakit diklasifikasikan dalam tiga kelompok: input (kasus non-darurat, jumlah pendamping yang berlebihan, dan usia lanjut), throughput (tingginya pemeriksaan penunjang diagnostik, konsultasi dokter spesialis, kurangnya tempat tidur di IGD), dan output (bed block, keterlambatan transfer pasien). Dampak dari kepadatan pasien di Instalasi Gawat Darurat (IGD) rumah sakit antara lain pelatihan residen menurun, stress dan kelelahan pada tenaga kesehatan, meningkatnya kekerasan terhadap staf di IGD, dan kecemasan pasien. Kepadatan pasien di Instalasi Gawat Darurat (IGD) rumah sakit merupakan masalah kompleks yang perlu ditangani secara sistematis melalui perbaikan manajemen pelayanan, alokasi sumber daya, serta penguatan sistem rujukan dan layanan primer. Studi ini dapat menjadi dasar bagi pengambil kebijakan untuk merumuskan strategi penanggulangan kepadatan Instalasi Gawat Darurat (IGD) di rumah sakit.
The hospital Emergency Department (ED) is a crucial unit that often experiences patient congestion, a condition when the number of patients arriving per unit of time exceeds the capacity of available resources and space. This congestion has an impact on decreasing the quality of service, increasing the risk of patient safety, and increasing the workload of health workers. This study aims to review the factors causing congestion and its impact on the service system in the hospital ED based on a literature review. This study is a literature review study using sources from the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases with a period of 2019–2024. A total of 15 articles were selected based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Factors causing patient congestion in the hospital ED are classified into three groups: input (non-emergency cases, excessive number of companions, and elderly), throughput (high diagnostic support examinations, specialist doctor consultations, lack of beds in the ED), and output (bed block, delays in patient transfers). The impacts of patient density in the Emergency Department (ED) of hospitals include decreased resident training, stress and fatigue in health workers, increased violence against staff in the ED, and patient anxiety. Patient density in the Emergency Department (ED) of hospitals is a complex problem that needs to be addressed systematically through improving service management, resource allocation, and strengthening the referral system and primary services. This study can be a basis for policy makers to formulate strategies to overcome the density of the Emergency Department (ED) in hospitals
In the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of face masks is one of the preventive measures recommended by WHO and has proven effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19 infection. However, there are differences in the implementation of policies on the use of masks in various countries. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the description of face masks policy in various countries and the factors that influence the differences in policies in these countries. The method used in this research is a literature review using four online databases, namely PubMed, ProQuest, ScienceDirect and Scopus. The inclusion criteria applied in this study include: available in both Indonesian and English, literature published from 2020 to 2022, articles available in full-text form and focus on discussing differences in policies on the use of masks during the COVID-19 pandemic in various countries. This study uses 10 selected literature studies which show that there are 5 categories of face mask policies in various countries, namely; no policy, recommended, required in some public spaces, required in all public spaces, and required outdoors at all times. This study also found that the factors that influence the policy on the use of masks in various countries include COVID-19 epidemiological instruments differences, politics, policy demands, culture, and the level of vaccination achievement. In addition, it was also found that the policy on the use of masks during the COVID-19 pandemic is time dependent.
Untuk mengatasi masalah kesehatan yang muncul sebagai dampak krisis ekonomi, pemerintah telah memberikan pelayanan kesehatan bagi Keluarga Miskin (Gakin) melalui program PKPS-BBM Bidkes diantaranya dengan memberikan biaya pertolongan persalinan oleh tenaga bidan sebesar Rp. 150.000. Pemanfaatan dana pertolongan persalinan masih rendah. Oleh sebab itu penulis ingin mengetahui berapa biaya satuan untuk pertolongan persalinan serta pemanfaatannya oleh Gakin. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan melakukan analisis ekonomi terhadap kebutuhan biaya pertolongan persalinan bagi Gakin serta melakukan Survey Cepat untuk mengetahui pemanfaatan pertolongan persalinan oleh keluarga miskin serta faktor - faktor yang berhubungan dengan pemanfaatan pertolongan persalinan. Penelitian kualitatif digunakan untuk memperoleh jawaban atau informasi mendalam yaitu: persepsi bidan desa dalam melaksanakan pertolongan persalinan, kecukupan biaya pertolongan persalinan dan mekanisme pencairan biaya pertolongan persalinan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa biaya pertolongan persalinan yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan adalah sebesar Rp. 213.250. Adapun Gakin yang memanfaatkan pertolongan persalinan dengan bidan sebanyak 69, 9 %. Dan faktor bidan sebagai provider yang mempengaruhi pemanfaatan pertolongan persalinan adalah karena biaya pengganti untuk pertolongan persalinan gakin relatif kecil dan lamanya proses pencairan dana pertolongan persalinan. Dari faktor ibu bersalin Gakin, faktor yang mempengaruhi rendahnya pemanfaatan persalinan oleh bidan antara lain: ketidaktahuan Gakin bahwa persalinan dengan bidan tidak dipungut biaya dan khawatir bayar mahal kalau ditolong oleh bidan. Secara garis besar hasil dari penelitian ini adalah diperlukan upaya-upaya pemerintah dan masyarakat untuk meningkatkan akses pelayanan kesehatan bagi Gakin khususnya pelayanan pertolongan persalinan melalui penyesuaian kembali biaya pertolongan persalinan yang sesuai kebutuhan, memudahkan mekanisme pencairan dana pertolongan persalinan, sosialisasi tentang hak gakin memperoleh pelayanan kesehatan serta dengan peningkatan kinerja bidan di desa.
The government has given a health service for Poor Family (Gakin) by PIPS-BBM Bidkes program to overcome the health problem which emerges as an economic crisis impact, such as giving the expense of helping child birth by midwife is equal to 150.000 rupiahs. The used of helping child birth cost is still lower. Because of this, the writer wishes to know how much set cost of helping childbirth and also it?s used by Gakin. This research is a quantitative research by conducting an economic analysis of child birth cost requirement for Gakin and also conducting a Rapid Survey to know the used of helping child birth by poor family and also the factors that related to help child birth. A qualitative research is used to get an answer or deep information, such as countryside midwife perception in conducting child birth help, cost sufficiency of helping child birth and cost mechanism of helping child birth. The research result indicates that cost of helping child birth which is available with requirement is equal to 213.250 rupiahs. Gakin which has been used child birth help by a midwife is almost 69, %. From midwife factor as provider which affected the used of helping child birth because substitution cost for helping child birth of Gakin is low relatively and long duration of cost liquefaction process of helping childbirth. From child birth mother factor of Gakin, as a factor which affected the lower of using a child birth by midwife such as: ignorance of Gakin that child birth by midwife is not getting charge and they are worry to pay high cost if they are helped by a midwife. From marginal result of this research, it was suggested to government and society efforts to improve the health service access for Gakin, especially the service of helping child birth by adjustment return the cost of helping child birth which is available with requirement, facilitating the cost liquefaction mechanism of helping child birth, socialization concerning Gakin rights to get health service and also the improvement of midwife performing in countryside.
The implementation of a health history screening program is a preventive measure carried out in various countries. By implementing medical history screening, it is expected to be able to prevent early complications and the impact of health financing on diseases being screened.This study aims to describe the implementation as well as the determinants and impacts resulting from health history screening programs in various countries. The method used in this study is the literature review method. Study searches were conducted through online databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Proquest, and Wiley Online Library. There are 12 studies included in this research. The results of this study indicate that a health history screening program has been implemented in various countries with different types of disease targets, the majority of several countries use an invitation of health screening which is quite effective in increasing screening participation. The role of knowledge and awareness factors, support from professional health personnel, and the educational status of participants greatly affect the effectiveness of the implementation of the health screening program. The positive impact generated by the screening program is to reduce the incidence and mortality of the disease being screened. However, there are also short-term impacts that occur on health financing in the outpatient and inpatient sectors. Even so, the impact on health financing is not too significant and can still be overcome.