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Campak adalah penyakit dengan tingkat penularan dan fatalitas tinggi terutama di negara dengan sistem kesehatan yang lemah. Campak merupakan penyakit yang dapat dicegah dengan imunisasi sebagai bagian integral dari sistem kesehatan. Program imunisasi dasar merupakan bagian dari transformasi layanan kesehatan primer. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan model ketahanan imunisasi campak rubela kabupaten/kota di Indonesia berdasarkan variabel-variabel yang berpengaruh terhadap imunisasi campak rubela.
Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif desain cross sectional, tapi pada level kabupaten kota menggunakan studi ekologi atau korelasi populasi, dimana unit penelitian terdiri dari 2 level, yaitu level individu dan level kabupaten/kota yang memiliki setidaknya 1 kasus positif IgM kasus campak rubela di 257 kabupaten kota tahun 2022-2023. Analisis menggunakan multilevel modelling, pada level individu dilakukan analisis variabel umur, jenis kelamin, dan riwayat imunisasi, sedangkan level kabupaten kota meliputi cakupan imunisasi, anggaran pelayanan imunisasi, pendanaan stabil, pemerintah kinerja program campak, SDM imunisasi dan surveilans terlatih, respon alert, kelengkapan dan ketepatan laporan.
Kasus campak rubela terbesar pada kelompok umur 0-5 tahun (60,7%), perempuan (51,3%) dengan riwayat imunisasi MR2 tidak lengkap (67%). Hasil analisis multivariat didapatkan variabel kasus campak rubela (OR=2,014), cakupan imunisasi campak rubela (OR=1,916), anggaran imunisasi (OR=1,856), pendanaan stabil(KLB) (OR=1,823), pemerintah kinerja program campak (OR=2,05), SDM imunisasi terlatih (OR=1,968) dan SDM surveilans terlatih (OR=1,841) menunjukkan pengaruh signifikan terhadap ketahanan imunisasi campak rubela kabupaten kota di Indonesia. Pada hasil analisis multilevel nilai MOR pada level individu 1.00159 dan level kabupaten kota 1.00081 sehingga dapat disimpulkan efek individu lebih besar dari efek level. Kontribusi variabel independen terbesar untuk level kabupaten kota adalah cakupan imunisasi sebesar 624,14% terhadap ketahanan imunisasi campak rubela kabupaten kota. Model prediksi ketahanan imunisasi campak rubela didapatkan dengan formula = -2,314 + 0,787 kasus campak rubela +0,685 cakupan imunisasi campak rubela + 0,586 anggaran imunisasi +0,568 pendanaan KLB + 0,712 pemerintah kinerja program campak baik + 0,627 SDM Imunisasi + 0,596 SDM surveilans.
Kesimpulan : Model ketahanan imunisasi campak rubela pada studi ini menemukan variasi ketahanan imunisasi campak rubela hampir sama/tidak beragam antar kabupaten kota dibandingkan antar individu, namun kontribusi/peran dari cakupan imunisasi kabupaten kota sangat besar terhadap ketahanan imunisasi campak rubela kabupaten kota. Saran : Peran program imunisasi penting dalam mencapai cakupan imunisasi campak rubela kabupaten/kota tinggi dan merata dalam memperkuat ketahanan imunisasi campak rubela, Kabupaten kota dapat melakukan evaluasi program imunisasi dengan menganalisis data ketahanan imunisasi untuk mewujudkan eliminasi campak rubela tahun 2026.
Measles is a highly contagious disease with a significant mortality rate, particularly in countries with underdeveloped healthcare systems. However, it is a vaccine-preventable illness. Immunization plays a vital role within the healthcare system, and basic immunization programs are a fundamental component of the ongoing transformation of primary healthcare services. This study seeks to assess the resilience of measles-rubella immunization at the district/city level. To achieve this, a model capable of evaluating the measles-rubella immunization resilience index is required, incorporating variables that influence immunization outcomes.
An observational study design employing an ecological or population-level correlation approach with multilevel analysis was used. The unit of analysis consisted of districts/cities that reported confirmed measles-rubella IgM-positive cases, resulting in a sample of 257 districts/cities. The analysis was conducted at two levels: the individual level (including variables such as age, sex, and immunization history), and the district/city level (including indicators such as immunization coverage, budget allocation for immunization services, funding stability, governance quality, availability of trained immunization and surveillance personnel, responsiveness to health threats, and the completeness and accuracy of reporting).
Results of the study with the largest cases of measles rubella were in the age group of 0-5 years (60.7%), women (51.3%) with a history of incomplete MR2 immunization (67%). The results of the multivariate analysis obtained the variables of measles rubella cases (OR = 2.014), measles rubella immunization coverage (OR = 1.916), immunization budget (OR = 1.856), stable funding (KLB) (OR = 1.823), government measles program performance (OR = 2.05), trained immunization human resources (OR = 1.968) and trained surveillance human resources (OR = 1.841) showed a significant influence on the resilience of measles rubella immunization in cities and districts in Indonesia. In the results of the multilevel analysis, the MOR value at the individual level was 1.00159 and the city district level was 1.00081 so it can be concluded that the individual effect is greater than the level effect. The largest independent variable contribution for the city district level is immunization coverage of 624.14% to the resilience of measles rubella immunization in cities and districts The measles rubella immunization resilience prediction model with the formula = -2.314 + 0.787 measles rubella cases +0.685 measles rubella immunization coverage + 0.586 immunization budget +0.568 KLB funding + 0.712 Good governance + 0.627 Immunization HR + Surveillance HR + 0.596. The largest independent variable contribution for the district/city level is immunization coverage of 624.14% to the resilience of measles rubella immunization in the district/city.
Conclusion: The results of the study show that the measles rubella immunization resilience model in this study proves that the variation in measles rubella immunization resilience is almost the same/does not vary between districts/cities compared to individuals, but the contribution/role of district/city immunization coverage is very large to the resilience of measles rubella immunization in the district/city. The variables of measles rubella cases, measles rubella immunization coverage, immunization budget, funding during the outbreak, government performance of the measles program is good, immunization and surveillance human resources show significant and positive effects on measles rubella immunization resilience. This model can be an important tool in data-based policy making. Recommendations/Suggestions: Districts and cities can evaluate immunization programs by analyzing immunization resilience data and need to study and make policies to realize measles and rubella elimination in 2026.
Penyakit campak adalah penyakit yang sangat poteusial untuk menimbulkan wabah. Masalah kematian campak di dunia yang dilaporkan oleh WI-IO pada tahun 2002 sebanyak 777.000 diantaranya berasal dari negara ASEAN, dan I5% dari kematian Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan penolakan imunisasi campak pada Crash Program Campak di UPF Puskesmas Cimandala Kecamatan Sukaraia Kabupaten Bogor. Penelitian ini memakai rancangan studi kasus kontrol tidak berpadanan, dengan menggunakan perbandingan kasus kontrol 1:1. Sampel penelitian adalah balita usia 12-59 bulan yang terdaftar dan mengikuti Crash Program campak dengan datang ke pos imunisasi. Jumlah sampel kasus dan kontrol sebanyak 400 orang yang terdiri dari 200 kasus dan 200 kontrol. Balita yang tidak diimunisasi dan orang tuanya tidak bersedia menandatangani infzrmed consent ditetapkan sebagai kasus, sedangkan kontrol adalah balita yang diimunisasi dan orang manya bersedia menandatangani irjormed consent dan berasal dari pos imunisasi yang sama dengan kasus. Komrol dipilih secara acak. Analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis univariat, bivariat dan multivariat. Berdasarkan llasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan penolakan imunisasi campak adalah penilaian kondisi kesehatan anak OR 15,560 (OR CI 95% 8,84l-27,388), status imunisasi campak OR 3,732 (OR CI 95% 2,122-6,564) dan dukungan tokoh masyarakat OR 3,213 (OR CI 95% 1,763-5,853). Selanjutnya berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut penulis menyarankan kepada UPF Puskesmas Cimandala Kecamatan Sukaraja Kabupaten Bogor untuk memberikan kesempatan imunisasi campak kepada balita yang belum diimunisasi campak pada Crash Program campak, memberikan penyuluhan kepada rnasyarakat mengenai imunisasi campak, vaksin campak yang aman, kondisi anak sakit yang boleh dan tidak boleh diberikan imunisasi campak efek samping imunisasi campak dan KIPI, prioritas penyuluhan kepada orang tue balita yang anyéznya belum diimunisasi campak, memberikan kesempatan imunisasi kepada balita yang yang belum diimunisasi campak, serta meningkatkan pendekatan sosial kepada tokoh masyarakat, kepada Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Bogor penulis menyarankan untuk merencanakan strategi baru agar Crash Program campak berikulnya dapat mencapai target lanpa melakukan sweeping dan melakukan advokasi kepada pengambil kebijakan. Campak tersebut berasal dari Indonesia. Dengan mempertimbangkan serokonversi rate 85% pada bayi umur 9 bulan, cakupan imunisasi campak sebesar 9l,8% pada tahun 2004 hanya dapat memberikan perlindungan sekitar 76,5% bayi, sisanya sebesar 23,5% masuk dalam kelompok rentan campak. Kelompok rentan campak ini akan terus terakumulasi biia tanpa adanya perbaikan cakupan imunisasi dan tanpa intervensi imunisasi tambahan campak. Berdasarkan kenyalaan tersebut di atas maka Indonesia memutuskan untuk melakukan Crash Program campak pada anak balita di daerah risiko tinggi. Adanya penolakan imunisasi campak merupakan salah satu peuyehab tidak tercapainya target cakupan imunisasi campak di Puskesmas Cimandala Kecamatan Sukaraja Kabupaien Bogor. Namun penelitian tentang faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan penolakan imunisasi campak belum pernah dilakukan Hal tersebut diatas menarik minat penulis untuk meneliti tentang faktor yang berhubungan dengan penolakan i munisasi campak pada Crash Program Campak tahun 2007.
Measles is known as a disease that potentially creating an outbreak. There are about 777,000 death reported by WHO in 2002, caused by measles, is occur in the ASEAN countries, and l5% of the deaths are from Indonesia. In considering with the sero- conversion rate 85% of 9 months old baby, the coverage of measles immunization at 9l.8% in 2004 is only give protection around 76.5% babies and the other of 23.5% babies are categorized as a group of vulnerable for measles. This group of baby can be continuously accumulated if there is no improvement on the coverage of measles immunization and without any intervention of addition on immunization of measles. Based on the situation, Indonesia is, therefore, established a Crash Program on measles immunization towards children under-five (CU5) at the high risk region. Unfortunately, there are some refusals of being immunized which make the target on mwsles immunization coverage at Puskesmas Cimandala is cannot be reached Therefore, factors related to reiiisal on measles immunization are interested to study, especially to those that occur during the crash program on measles in 2007. The aim of the study is to find out factors related to the retiisal on measles immunization on the measles? crash program at the UPF Puskesmas Cimandala of Sukaraja sub-district at the District of Bogor. The design of the study is an unpaired case-control study, with lrl comparable case-control. Sample is children under-tive (CU5) aged 13 to 59 mom's who registered for the crash program of measles immunization at the immunization post. The size of sample is 400 that comprises as 200 sample of case and 200 sample of control. The case is CU5 who are not immunized and the parent is refused to sign the informed consent, while the control is CU5 who have immunized and the parent is agree to sign the informed consent. Both case and control are taken from the same immunization post, and control is chosen randomly. Analysis is in the fomt of univariate, bivariate, and multivariate. Based on the result of the study, factors related to the refusal of measles immunization are: child health condition assessment (OR: l5.560, 95% CI: 8.841 - 27388); status of measles immunization (OR: 3.732, 95% CI: 2.122 - 6564), and support from community leader (OR: 3.2I3, 95% Cl: 1.763 - 5.853). The study suggested that puskesmas Cimandala should give another chance for measles immunization towards those CU5 who have not been immunized in the crash program, addressing IEC about measles immunization towards community, harmless measles? vaccine, the child condition for being able and unable to immunize, the side effect of measles immunization and KIPI (?), prioritized in giving IBC to those parent whose CU5 is have not immunized, provide another chance of measles immunization for those CU5 that have not been immunized, and increase the approaching towards local community leaders. Suggestion towards the District Health Authority of Bogor that there is a need for new strategy for the next measles Crash Program that in order to reach the target without doing the sweeping and do advocating to the policy's decision makers.
Pneumonia is the leading killer of babies in the world, more than other diseases such as AIDS, malaria and measles. Household Health Survey (SKRT) 1992, 1995, 2001 showed that pneumonia is the biggest contributor to the death of infants and toddlers. Based Riskesdas 2007 report, citing the prevalence of pneumonia in the Municipality based on the diagnosis of health workers and complaints rtesponden 1.67%.
