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Central obesity is one of the increasing health problems in the middle-adult age group. Lifestyle factors such as nutrient intake, physical activity, sleep duration, and emotional mental health are thought to contribute to this condition. This study aims to analyze the dominant factors in the incidence of central obesity in adults aged 40–59 years in Kemayoran District, Central Jakarta. The study used a Cross Sectional with a quantitative approach and involved primary data collection through interviews and anthropometric measurements. The results of the multivariate test showed that excessive fat intake was the most dominant factor in the incidence of central obesity (p = 0.018; OR = 2.940; 95% CI = 1.206–7.168). Respondents with excessive fat intake had a 2.94 times greater risk of experiencing central obesity compared to respondents who were not excessive. Excessive fat consumption will be easily stored as visceral fat in the abdominal cavity, which directly contributes to an increase in waist circumference. Other factors such as energy intake, carbohydrates, protein, fiber, physical activity, sleep duration, and emotional mental health were also included in the multivariate model. These findings emphasize the importance of controlling fat consumption as a primary strategy for preventing central obesity in this age group.
Hypertension is one of the non-communicable diseases with a continuously increasing prevalence, particularly among the adult population in urban areas such as Jakarta. This study aims to examine the relationship between dietary factors (sodium, fat, fiber, potassium), Body Mass Index (BMI), and lifestyle factors (physical activity, smoking, and stress) with the incidence of hypertension, as well as to identify the dominant factors influencing hypertension among adults aged 45–59 years in Kemayoran District, Central Jakarta. A cross-sectional study design was employed, involving a total of 153 respondents. Data were collected through questionnaires and direct measurements. Data analysis was conducted using chi-square tests and logistic regression. The results showed a hypertension prevalence of 54.9% among respondents, indicating that more than half of individuals in this age group were affected by hypertension. Multivariate analysis, which included sodium intake, fat intake, fiber intake, physical activity, smoking, and stress, revealed that sodium intake (p = 0.025; OR = 2.276) and smoking (OR = 2.805) were the dominant contributing factors to hypertension.
Obesitas sentral yang merupakan kondisi kelebihan lemak yang terpusat pada daerah perut (visceral/intra-abdominal fat), menjadi salah satu masalah kesehatan yang penting karena merupakan faktor risiko utama sindrom metabolik seperti peradangan sistemik, hiperlipidemia, resistensi insulin, dan penyakit kardiovaskular yang termasuk di dalamnya penyakit jantung iskemik dan stroke. Prevalensi obesitas sentral sangat tinggi di Indonesia dan meningkat terus termasuk di DKI Jakarta. Berbagai penelitian menunjukkan diet nabati atau vegetarian memiliki risiko lebih rendah mengalami obesitas sentral dibandingkan dengan diet non-vegetarian. Penelitian mengenai obesitas sentral pada kelompok vegetarian masih terbatas di Indonesia.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran kejadian dan faktor risiko obesitas sentral pada vegetarian dan non-vegetarian usia dewasa 18-59 tahun di DKI Jakarta tahun 2025. Desain penelitian menggunakan cross-Sectional dengan metode penelitian kuantitatif. Total sampel adalah 161 orang yang terdiri dari vegetarian dan non-vegetarian berusia 18 – 59 tahun yang dipilih dengan metode purposive sampling. Data dikumpulkan di DKI Jakarta pada bulan Maret 2025.
Variabel dependen dalam penelitian ini adalah obesitas sentral dan variabel independennya adalah jenis kelamin, usia, tingkat pendidikan, dan status pernikahan, jenis diet, asupan energi, asupan protein, asupan lemak, asupan karbohidrat, asupan serat, aktivitas fisik, durasi tidur, tingkat stres. Data antropometri yang diambil dalam penelitian ini adalah lingkar pinggang atau waist circumference (WC).
Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan prevalensi kejadian obesitas sentral pada responden sebesar 59,6%, dengan prevalensi obesitas sentral pada responden non-vegetarian sebesar 71,7%, lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan responden vegetarian 52,5%. Hasil analisis bivariat menunjukkan terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara obesitas sentral dengan jenis kelamin (p-value = 0,033), jenis diet vegetarian dan non-vegetarian (p-value = 0,026), aktivitas fisik (p-value = 0,000) dan durasi tidur (p-value = 0,000). Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan faktor yang paling paling dominan berhubungan dengan obesitas sentral adalah aktivitas fisik dengan nilai OR = 4,680 (95% CI: 2,001 – 10,948) setelah dikontrol oleh jenis kelamin, usia, jenis diet, asupan energi, asupan protein, asupan lemak, asupan karbohidrat, asupan serat dan durasi tidur.
Prevalensi obesitas sentral pada responden vegetarian menunjukkan angka cukup tinggi. Walaupun diet vegetarian kaya akan serat, antioksidan, fitokimia dan mikronutrien, dan cenderung lebih rendah kalori dan lemak jenuh dibandingkan dengan diet non-vegetarian, namun diet vegetarian belum menjamin pasti sehat bila pemilihan makanan dan juga gaya hidup yang dijalankan tidak sehat.
Central obesity, also known as abdominal obesity, is a condition characterized by excessive fat accumulation around the abdominal area (visceral/intra-abdominal fat). It has become a significant public health issue as it is a major risk factor for metabolic syndrome including systemic inflammation, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular diseases including ischemic heart disease and stroke. Its prevalence in Indonesia is increasing, particularly in DKI Jakarta. Various studies indicate that plant-based or vegetarian diets are associated with a lower risk of central obesity compared to non-vegetarian diets. However, research on central obesity among vegetarians in Indonesia remains limited. This study aims to describe the incidence and risk factors of central obesity among vegetarian and non-vegetarian adults aged 18–59 in DKI Jakarta in 2025. This research uses a cross-sectional design with a quantitative approach. The total sample consists of 161 vegetarians and non-vegetarians selected through purposive sampling. Data collection was conducted in DKI Jakarta in March 2025. The dependent variable is central obesity, while the independent variables include sex, age, education level, marital status, type of diet, energy intake, protein intake, fat intake, carbohydrate intake, fiber intake, physical activity, sleep duration, and stress level. The anthropometric data measured were waist circumference (WC). The results showed that the prevalence of central obesity among respondents was 59.6%, with a higher prevalence in non-vegetarians (71.7%) compared to vegetarians (52.5%). Bivariate analysis indicated significant associations between central obesity and sex (p = 0.033), dietary type (vegetarian vs. non-vegetarian) (p = 0.026), physical activity (p = 0.000), and sleep duration (p = 0.000). Multivariate analysis revealed that physical activity was the most dominant factor associated with central obesity, with an OR = 4.680 (95% CI: 2.001–10.948) after controlling for sex, age, dietary type, energy intake, protein intake, fat intake, carbohydrate intake, fiber intake, and sleep duration. The relatively high prevalence of central obesity among vegetarian respondents suggests that although vegetarian diets are typically rich in fiber, antioxidants, phytochemicals, and micronutrients and tend to be lower in calories and saturated fat than non-vegetarian diets, they do not automatically guarantee health benefits if poor food choices and unhealthy lifestyle habits persist.
Central obesity is a condition where there is an accumulation of fat in the abdomen. Central obesity is associated with the risk of non-communicable diseases such as type II diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. The prevalence of central obesity is known to increase in both developed and developing countries. As many as 40.2% of individuals in the world are estimated to have central obesity. Indonesia is a developing country with an increasing prevalence of central obesity with an increase from 2007, 2013, and 2018 according to riskesdas data, respectively, by 18%, 26%, and 31%. The increase in central obesity is associated with economic development and urbanization leading to unfavorable changes in consumption habits of high-calorie foods and sugary drinks, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and stress. Riskesdas 2018 data states that the prevalence of central obesity in urban areas is higher than the national prevalence, which is 35%. This study aims to further analyze the dominant factors in the incidence of central obesity in the population aged 25-64 years in urban areas of Indonesia. There were 194,049 riskesdas 2018 respondents who were involved in this study. Data analysis used chi-square bivariate test and multiple logistic regression multivariate test on the applicationThe results showed that there were 15 variables that were significantly associated with the incidence of central obesity, including: age, gender, education level, employment status, emotional mental health, consumption of sweet foods, sugary drinks, fatty foods, soft drinks, fruit and vegetable consumption, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and smoking habits (p-value <0,05). Female gender is known as the dominant factor in the incidence of central obesity in the population aged 25-64 years in urban areas of Indonesia (p-value 0,0005). The OR of the incidence of central obesity was 4.06 (95%CI: 3,947-4,175) higher in the female respondent group, after being controlled by other variables. Thus, people in urban areas, especially women, are urged to increase awareness regarding central obesity. The public is encouraged to reduce the consumption of risky foods, do exercise regularly, avoid stress, and avoid smoking and alcohol consumption. Health agencies are expected to help the community by providing nutrition education and promotion of health related to central obesity.
