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Diarrhea remains a significant public health issue in Indonesia, including in Tangerang Regency. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the proportion of healthy homes, access to safe drinking water, and the use of proper sanitation facilities with the incidence of diarrhea in the working areas of Sukadiri, Pakuhaji, and Sukawali Community Health Centers in 2023. This study employed an ecological study design with the unit of analysis being villages/sub-districts. The data used were secondary data obtained from the Tangerang District Health Office and respective health centers. Bivariate analysis was conducted using Pearson and Spearman correlation tests, based on the results of the normality test. The findings show a weak positive correlation between the proportion of healthy homes and the incidence of diarrhea (r = 0.387; p = 0.075), a weak negative correlation between access to safe drinking water (r = -0.276; p = 0.214), and a weak negative correlation between the use of proper sanitation facilities (r = -0.334; p = 0.128) with the incidence of diarrhea. All three correlations were found to be statistically insignificant. Although the direction of the relationship aligns with theoretical expectations, the relationship between environmental health indicators and the incidence of diarrhea could not be statistically confirmed in the study area.
ABSTRAK
Dua puluh tahun terakhir ini kondisi lingkungan dan kualitas air disepanjang Sungai Citarum semakin menurun. Akses penduduk di sekitar Citarumterhadap air bersih dan sarana sanitasi dasar pun masih rendah, dengan angkakesakitan diare yang tinggi. Integrated Citarum Water Resources ManagementInvestment Program (ICWRMIP) merupakan upaya yang dilakukan olehpemerintah untuk mengatasi berbagai permasalahan yang ada di DAS SungaiCitarum dan Saluran Tarum Barat. Kementerian Kesehatan berperan dalamICWRMIP Sub Komponen 2.3 yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan penyediaanair bersih, sanitasi, dan meningkatkan derajat kesehatan masyarakat. Penelitian inibertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh ICWRMIP Sub Komponen 2.3 terhadapakses air bersih, akses jamban sehat dan kejadian diare serta menganalisispengaruh akses air bersih dan jamban sehat terhadap kejadian diare. Penelitian inimenggunakan rancangan studi cross-sectional berulang. Data dikumpulkansebelum dan sesudah program, di lokasi program dan non program, dengan besarsampel 300 responden pada tiap kelompok. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwakegiatan ICWRMIP Sub Komponen 2.3 berpengaruh meningkatkan akses airbersih dan akses jamban sehat serta menurunkan kejadian diare. Semua variabelberhubungan dengan kejadian diare: akses air bersih (OR=1,74; 1,33-2,28), aksesjamban sehat (OR=2,48; 1,88-3,28), program (OR=7,17; 4,68-10,99), dan waktu(OR=5,10; 3,33-7,80). Disimpulkan bahwa rumah tangga di lokasi non programtanpa akses jamban sehat pada saat sebelum ada program berisiko 7,75 kali lebihbesar mengalami kejadian diare dibandingkan dengan rumah tangga di lokasiprogram yang akses jamban sehat setelah program.
ABSTRACT
The condition of the environment and water quality along the Citarum Riverhas declined in the last twenty years. Access people around Citarum to cleanwater and basic sanitation facilities is low, with high diarrhea morbidity. IntegratedCitarum Water Resources Management Investment Program (ICWRMIP) is an effort bythe government to solve the problems that exist in Citarum and West TarumCanal. Ministry of Health is involve on Sub Component 2.3, that aims to improvewater supply, sanitation, and improving public health. This study aims to analyzethe effects of ICWRMIP Sub Component 2.3 to clean water access, healthy latrineaccess and diarrhea, and also to analyze the effect of access to clean water andhealthy latrines on the incidence of diarrhea. This study uses repeated crosssectionalstudy design. Data were collected before and after the program, on-siteprogram and non-program, with sample size 300 respondents in each group. Theresults showed that ICWRMIP Sub Component 2.3 affects to improve clean waterand healthy latrines access, and also reduce the incidence of diarrhea. Allvariables associated with the incidence of diarrhea: clean water access (OR=1,74;1,33-2,28), healthy latrines access (OR=2,48; 1,88-3,28), program (OR=7,17;4,68-10,99), and time (OR=5,10; 3,33-7,80). Concluded that households in nonprogramlocations without access to healthy latrines at the time before program7.75 times greater risk of experiencing diarrhea compared with on-site householdlatrine access program healthy after the program.
Cases of diarrhea in Pandeglang district is still high especially in Regionof Puskesmas Cibaliung, Labuan, and Pagelaran which is half of the caseshappened to underfive years children. Cases of diarrhea (2012) in PuskesmasCibaliung, Labuan, and Pagelaran are 244, 1.440, and 686.This study aims to analyze association between contamination ofEscherichia coli in drinking water and factor of environmental sanitation withunderfive years children acute diarrhea in region of Puskesmas Cibaliung,Labuan, and Pagelaran, Regency of Pandeglang Province of Banten in 2013. Thisstudy used case control design. The information collected by interview aboutenvironmental risk factor and laboratorium analyze of drinking water sample andtumbler swab.Conclusion of this study is contamination of Escherichia coli in drinkingwater and factor of environmental sanitation have not association with underfiveyears children acute diarrhea. Whereas nutrition, knowledge of mother, andhygiene sanitation of food and water have association with underfive yearschildren acute diarrhea. Main risk factor which causes underfive years childrenacute diarrhea are knowledge of mother and hygiene sanitation of food and water.Keyword: Escherichia coli, factor of environmental sanitation, acute diarrhea,underfive years children
Background: Pneumonia is an infectious respiratory disease and ranks among the top three causes of under-five mortality in Indonesia from 2019—2022. Tangerang City (part of Banten Province that ranked third nationally in under-five pneumonia cases in 2022) reported 5247 pneumonia cases on Profil Dinas Kesehatan Kota Tangerang’s publication. Objective: To examine the relationship between healthy house coverage, wasting, low birth weight (LBW), exclusive breastfeeding, and population density with under-five pneumonia in Tangerang City in 2022. Methods: An ecological study was conducted, with the unit of analysis consisting of 13 sub-districts. Monthly data were analyzed through univariate, bivariate (Pearson and Spearman Correlation), and multivariate analyses (Multiple Linear Regression). Results: Healthy house coverage was significantly associated with under-five pneumonia in 2 sub-districts, namely Karang Tengah (p-value = 0,036) with strong and negative correlation (r = -0,607) and Batuceper (p-value = 0,013) with strong and positive correlation (ρ = 0,689). Exclusive breastfeeding was significantly associated with under-five pneumonia in Tangerang sub-district (p-value = 0,028) with strong and negative correlation (r = -0,629). Population density was significantly associated with under-five pneumonia in 2 sub-districts, namely Karawaci (p-value = 0,045) with strong and positive correlation (r = 0,586) and Periuk (p-value = 0,015) with strong and positive correlation (ρ = 0,681). Meanwhile, variables that were not significantly associated were wasting and LBW. The most significant influences on under-five pneumonia were healthy house coverage in 2 sub-districts (Cipondoh and Tangerang), wasting in 7 sub-districts (Ciledug, Karang Tengah, Pinang, Jatiuwung, Cibodas, Periuk, and Batuceper), LBW in 3 sub-districts (Larangan, Karawaci, and Benda), and population density in Neglasari sub-district. Conclusion: Several variables were significantly related and strongly correlated with under-five pneumonia, namely healthy house coverage in Karang Tengah (r = -0,607) and Batuceper (ρ = 0,689), exclusive breastfeeding in Tangerang sub-district (r = -0,629), and population density in Karawaci (r = 0,586) and Periuk (ρ = 0,681).
Escherichia coli is a commonly used bacteria as a parameter related to fecal contamination and sanitation. The presence of nitrate in water is also an indicator related to sanitation. Several studies show that sanitation can affect concentration of TDS (Total Dissolve Solids) in groundwater. So, the presences of E. coli, nitrate, and TDS in groundwater that used as daily needs household drinking water can affect human health. This study aims to analyze the relationship between seven household sanitation conditions and the quality of household drinking water from groundwater based on the presence of E. coli, nitrate, and TDS as the parameters. The sanitation conditions include 7 aspects, such as defecation facilities, faecal disposal sites, the distance between feces disposal sites and drinking water sources, household waste disposal sites, the distance between household and temporary storage sites (TPS)/Final Processing Sites (TPA), household waste water disposal facilities, and the distance between household waste water disposal facilities and drinking water source. This research uses secondary data with a cross sectional analysis method. The analysis was carried out with univariate test and bivariate test using chi square test with a confidence level of 90%. The research results showed that there was significant relations between faecal disposal sites and TDS (p=0.086), waste disposal sites and E. coli (p=0.054), the distance to the nearest waste disposal sites and TDS. Therefore, the suggestions for further researcher to analyze the relations with health.
