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Penyakit tuberkulosis paru sampai saat ini masih merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang serius terutama di negara-negara berkembang. Indonesia sendiri merupakan negara ke 3 terbanyak penderita tuberkulosisnya setelah India dan China, diperkirakan setiap tahun terjadi 583.000 kasus baru tuberkulosis paru dengan kematian 140.000 penderita.Dalam program penanggulangan tuberkulosis paru ini, tujuan dari pemeriksaan dahak adalah untuk menegakkan diagnosis, menilai kemajuan pengobatan dan menentukan tingkat penularan. Melihat kompleksnya permasalahan pada keteraturan pemeriksaan dahak tersebut mendorong penulis untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor apa saja yang berhubungan dengan ketidakpatuhan pemeriksaan dahak.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui hubungan beberapa faktor terhadap ketidakpatuhan memeriksakan dahak pada fase intensif pengobatan tuberkulosis paru di Kota Sukabumi tahun 2002.Desain penelitian ini adalah kasus kontrol, populasi penelitian adalah penderita tuberkulosis paru berumur ≥ 15 tahun yang berobat di seluruh puskesmas di Kota Sukabumi. Kasus adalah penderita tuberkulosis paru berumur 15 tahun atau lebih yang tidak memeriksakan dahak pada akhir fase intensif pengobatan tuberkulosis paru yaitu pada hari ke 53-60 pada kategori-1 dan kategori-3 atau hari ke 83-90 pada kategori-2 dan kontrol adalah penderita tuberkulosis paru berumur 15 tahun atau lebih yang memeriksakan dahak pada akhir fase intensif pengobatan tuberkulosis paru yaitu pada hari ke 53-60 pada kategori-1 dan kategori-3 atau hari ke 83-90 pada kategori-2. Alat pengumpul data berupa Kartu Pengobatan TB 01 dan kuesioner dengan sampel sebanyak 144 orang yaitu 72 kasus dan 72 kontrol.Hasil analisis bivariat terhadap 12 variabel independen dengan variabel dependen, menghasilkan 4 variabel yang mempunyai hubungan bermakna (p < 0,05). Variabel yang berhubungan dengan ketidakpatuhan memeriksakan dahak pada akhir fase intensif pengobatan tuberkulosis paru adalah pengetahuan yang rendah (OR = 5,58; p = 0,000), sikap yang buruk (OR = 2,25; p = 0,018), status belum/tidak kawin (OR = 2,31; p = 0,020), dan tipe puskesmas (Puskesmas Rujukan Mikroskopis OR = 2,50 dan Puskesmas Pelaksana Mandiri OR= 3,99 dengan nilai p = 0,008).Hasil analisis multivariat dengan menggunakan regresi logistik metode enter dari 6 variabel independen yang menjadi kandidat untuk masuk dalam model (p < 0,25), ternyata hanya 3 variabel yang masuk dalam model akhir yakni; pengetahuan (OR = 8,46 ; p = 0,000), status perkawinan (OR = 4,82 ; p = 0,001) dan tipe puskesmas (Puskemas Rujukan Mikroskopis OR = 2,87, p = 0,014; Puskesmas Pelaksana Mandiri OR = 6,09, p = 0,008 ; Puskesmas Satelit OR = 1,00, p = 0,006).Kemudian disarankan agar lebih mengintensifkan program penyuluhan kesehatan dengan menggunakan leaflet atau poster. Perlunya ditunjuk tenaga PMO yang dibekali dengan buku pintar (buku saku) berisi tentang penyakit tuberkulosis dan cara penanggulangannya secara singkat dan jelas. Petugas laboratorium hendaknya memberikan pengertian kepada setiap penderita tuberkulosis tentang pentingnya pemeriksaan dahak yang teratur dan tepat waktu. Kemudian adanya upaya kemitraan dengan kalangan swasta, organisasi profesi atau Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat.
The Factors Related to in-Obedience for Having Sputum Examination at the End of Intensive Phase of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Treatment at Sukabumi, 2002Pulmonary tuberculosis disease up to present remains a serious public health problem, especially in developing countries. Indonesia is the third biggest country having tuberculosis after India and China, it was estimated that each year occur 583,000 new cases of lung tuberculosis with the death 140,000 sufferers.The National tuberculosis program, smear sputum examination is an important part of the entire processes of pulmonary 'tuberculosis treatment. The objective of the sputum examination for follow up is to make the appropriateness of diagnoses, to measure the progress of the treatment and to determine the level of communication. Considering the problems were complex on the regularity of sputum examination for follow up, it is encourage the writer to determine what factors related to in-obedience of the sputum examination for follow up.The objective of this study is to determine the relationship of some factors of in-obedience of check the sputum at the end of intensive phase of pulmonary tuberculosis treatment in Sukabumi, in 2002. The study design was control cases, with the population are the pulmonary tuberculosis patient?s age ≥ 15 years who have had their treatment at the entire of the Health Centers of Sukabumi City. The tools of data collection were TB 01 treatment card and questionnaires. The total samples was 144 patients, covering of 72-cases group and 72-control' group. Cases are those of 15 years old or over who have not examined their sputum for follow up. Controls are those of 15 years old or over who have their sputum examined for follow up.The result of bivariate analysis of 12 independent variables with dependent variables, shown that four variables having significant relationship (p < 0.05). The variable that related to in-obedience of checking the sputum at the end of the intensive phase of pulmonary tuberculosis treatment were education (OR = 5, 58; p = 0,000), attitude (OR = 2, 25; p = 0,018), marital status (OR = 2, 31; p = 0,020), and type of the Health Center (Microscopic Referral Health Center OR = 2, 50 and Self-implemented Health Center OR = 3, 99 with value p = 0,008).The result of multivariate analysis using logistic regression enter method, out of 6 independent variables who became the candidate to be a model (p < 0,25), the fact that only three variables whom enter at the end of model, i.e. knowledge (OR = 8.46; p = 0,000), marital status (OR = 4.82; p = 0,001) and the type of Health Center (Microscopic Referral Health Center OR = 2.87, p = 0.014; Self-implemented Health Center OR = 6,09, p = 0,008; Satellite Health Center OR = 1.00, p = 0,006).Based on this study, it is recommended to provide more intensive health education in order to improve the attitude and knowledge of the TB patients. Selection of PMO (treatment observer) is crucial. The PMO has to be supplied the pocket book on tuberculosis treatment. The book has to be simple but easy to understand. Besides that, the laboratory technician should give information to every TB patient that they should come to check the sputum for follow up the important of having sputum examination for follow up on routine base and on time has to be explained to the patients. Efforts to increase collaboration to the private sectors, the professionals and non government organization are encouraged.
TB paru merupakan masalah di Indonesia. Data Riskesdas 2010 menunjukkan, prevalensi TB Paru 2009/2010 sebesar 725/100.000 penduduk. Evaluasi hasil dilihat dengan angka konversi pada akhir pengobatan fase intensif sebesar 80%. Masalah utama kegagalan konversi adalah komponen perilaku penderita TB paru yaitu keterlambatan diagnosis dan tidak selesainya pengobatan yang berakibat resistensi ganda OAT. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain kasus kontrol, populasi sebanyak 1.305 adalah penderita TB paru pengobatan fase intensif tahun 2010 yang tercatat di formulir TB 01 puskesmas di Kabupaten Bekasi. Sampel diambil sebanyak 170 penderita, dikelompokkan menjadi gagal konversi sebanyak 200 penderita dan konversi sebanyak 1.105 penderita. Setiap kelompok diambil masing-masing 85 penderita. Data dikumpulkan dengan wawancara menggunakan kuesioner. Metode analisis data dengan uji Chi Square dan regresi logistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan responden tidak teratur minum obat lebih besar yang mengalami kegagalan konversi (74,1%) dibandingkan yang konversi (46,4%). Hasil uji Chi square ada hubungan yang bermakna antara keteraturan minum obat, sikap terhadap keteraturan minum obat, pengetahuan tentang TB, penyuluhan kesehatan, efek samping obat, dan status gizi dengan kegagalan konversi. Hasil uji statistik dengan regresi logistik menunjukkan faktor paling berhubungan dengan kegagalan konversi adalah status gizi OR: 4,705: 95% CI: 2,143-10,332. Status gizi penderita TB paru perlu ditingkatkan sebagai upaya bersama dengan pemberian OAT.
Pulmonary TB is a problem in Indonesia. Riskesdas 2010, the prevalence of pulmonary TB 2009/2010 for 725/100.000 population. Evaluation results conversion rate at the end of the intensive phase of treatment by 80%. The main problem is the conversion of a component failure behavior of patients with pulmonary TB is not the completion of delayed diagnosis and resulting treatment dual resistance OAT. Design study are casecontrol study. Population of 1305 patients with pulmonary TB is an intensive phase of treatment in 2010 are recorded in the TB form 01 health centers in the district of Bekasi. Samples were taken 170 patients, classified as many as 200 patients failed to convert and convert as many as 1.105 people. Each group of 85 patients taken at random. Data were collected by interview using a questionnaire. Methods of data analysis with chi square tests and logistic regression. The results showed respondents do not regularly drink more drugs that have failed conversion (74.1%) compared to the conversion (46.4%). Chi square test results there was a significant association between the regularity of drug taking, attitudes toward medication order, knowledge of TB, health education, medication side effects, and nutritional status with conversion failure. The results of statistical tests with logistic regression showed factors associated with failure of the conversion is the nutritional status OR: 4,705: 95% CI: 2,143-10,332. Nutritional status of patients with pulmonary TB needs to be improved as a joint effort with the provision of OAT.
Tuberculosis is a disease that caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In 2012, the prevalence of the cases reached 12 million and caused 990 thousand death cases in the world. In Indonesia, the prevalence of this disease is 423/100.000 with 27/100.000 for the mortality rate. One of the provinces which have a higher prevalence than the national average is West Java. Bekasi, as one of the city in West Java still has problem in TB control. In the last ten years, the Case Detection Rate has not reached the national target. In addition, there are only 3 (10%) health centers in Bekasi City which are achieved the national target.
Tuberculosis paru masih merupakan masalah kesehatan utama di dunia. Sepertiga penduduk dunia telah terinfeksi oleh Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Di tahun 2000 diperkirakan muncul 10,2 juta penderita bare tuberculosis dan 3,5 juta orang meninggal karenanya setiap tahun. WHO menyebutkan bahwa Indonesia merupakan penyumbang TB terbesar ketiga didunia setelah India dan Cina (Depkes R1,2002). Sampai saat ini di seluruh Indonesia pemberantasan penyakit tuberculosis masih jauh dari yang diharapkan_ Peningkatan kasus dan kematian tuberculosis antara lain karena tidak diobati, basil pengobatan yang rendah serta adanya kasus kasus barn. Juga kasus yang tidak sembuh dan kasus kambuh. Oteh karena itu masalah ketidaksembuhan merupakan prioritas yang paling panting untuk diselesaikan. Tujuan .Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan model prediksi ketidaksembuhan penderita tuberculosis paru BTA positif melaiui identifkasi determinan dominan terhadap ketidaksembuhan penderita TB paru BTA positif di kabupaten tangerang. Metode. Desain penelitian studi Iongitudinal telah digunakan pada penderita TB pare BTA (+) dengan faktor karakteristik penderita dan faktor akses Iainnya. Analisis data menggunakan metode regresi logistik ganda untuk memperoleh model paling balk (fit), sederhana (parsimonious), dan tepat (robust) sehingga dapat menggambarkan hubungan variabel dependen dengan satu set variabei independen. Jumiah sample 164 penderita dan 23,2% diantaranya mengalami ketidaksembuhan. Pada penelitian ini juga telah menemukan model prediksi ketidaksembuhan penderita tuberculosis paru BTA Positif. HASIL Analisis regresi logistik ganda menunjukkan ketidaksembuhan penderita TB paru, pekerjaan (faktor karakteristik), jarak dari numb ke puskesmas dan keterjang)Cauan (faktor akses). Dengan jarak sebagai determinan yang paling dominan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa jarak mempunyai OR = 2,71 95%CI :1,21 - 6,07), Keterjangkauan OR = 2,54 (95% CI :1,12-5,76) dan pekerjaan OR x,41 (95%C1: 0,18- 0,92). Kesimpulan. Penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa peranan akses yaitu jarak jauh dekat ketempat puskesmas, keterjangkauan dan pekerjaan penderita TB paru BTA Positif mempunyai pengaruh terhadap ketidaksembuhan penderita selama pengobatan.
Tuberculosis is still a major problem worldwide, one third of the world population are infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In the 2000, approximately 10,2 million of new cases are identified and 3,5 million people died because of this disease annually. WHO state that Indonesian is the third country most contribute tuberculosis problem after India and China ( Depkes RI,2002). Up to present the tuberculosis rehabilitation program in Indonesian is still far away from expected outcomes. Increasing morbidity and mortality of tuberculosis because of not treatment patients, cure rate still low, new cases, not recovery patient and relapse. So the problem about not recovery cases to be a priority to solve. The purpose of the study was determining variables influence not recovery cases of tuberculosis patient in Tangerang. Method : the design of this study was longitudinal retrospective with tuberculosis patients as subjects and characteristic, access factors to influence. The data were analyze using the multiple logistic regression in order to find the most proper ( fit), simple (parsimonious) and the right (robust). Model in order to describe the relationship between the outcome variable and one set predictor variables. 164 subjects participated in the study of which 38(23,2%) of the subject are identify as cases not recovery . Based on the findings the study also propose a predicted model of tuberculosis patient not recovery treatment. Result. Multiple logistic regression analysis show that the predictor of the outcome are job, distance and to reach, and distance is the main determinant. The result of this study showed that distance have OR = 2,71 95% CI : 1,21-6,07; to reach have OR =2,54 95% CI: 1,12 - 5,76; Job have OR 0,41 95% CI : 0,18 -- 0,92; Conclusion : this study have conclusion that a distance have a lead of access factors and to reach of the others and job of tuberculosis patient have definitive influence not recovery cases.
