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Low birth weight babies less than 2500 grams are at risk of slower growth and development than normal birth weight babies, and are at risk of developing hypertension, heart disease and diabetes in adulthood. Several theories and research results state that LBW is caused by anemia of pregnant women, mother's KEK status, mother's BMI status, maternal height, weight gain during pregnancy, maternal age, parity, pregnancy distance, ANC, maternal occupation, and mother's education.The purpose of this study is to analyze the determinants of LBW events in UPTD Puskesmas Manggari Kuningan District in 2018-2019. The research method used a case control design with inclusion criteria including mothers with live births, last babies, and single babies. The sample studied was 93 people, consisting of 31 cases and 62 controls. Data from the maternal cohort register and the KIA handbook were analyzed univariate, bivariate, and multivariate. The results of the bivariate analysis showed that the incidence of LBW was significantly associated (95% CI) with anemia of first trimester pregnant women (p = 0.002), anemia of third trimester pregnant women (p = 0.000), maternal KEK status (p = 0.001), maternal weight gain. during pregnancy (p = 0.00), pregnancy distance (p = 0.005), and maternal education (p = 0.011). Multivariate analysis showed that the incidence of LBW is influenced by anemia of third trimester pregnant women (OR = 25.247), mother's KEK status (OR = 10.212), maternal BMI status (OR = 0.066), and pregnancy distance (OR = 6.934). Conclusion: The anemia status variable for pregnant women in trimester III is more dominant in influencing the incidence of LBW (OR = 25.247).
UNICEF data shows that the prevalence of Low Birth Weight (LBW) in Indonesia has not decreased significantly for a decade and a half [2000 (11.2%) ? 2015 (10%)]. Indonesia is ranked ninth in the world with the highest incidence of LBW. Then, babies born weighing <2500 grams (LBW) are at higher risk of premature death, stunted growth and development, low IQ, and non-communicable diseases. One of the causes of LBW is anemia where iron deficiency is known to be a risk factor. Iron deficiency in pregnant women can be avoided by taking blood-added tablets (TTD) as long as recommended (≥90 tablets). However, pregnant women in Indonesia who consume iron tablets as recommended are still low (38%). Therefore, this study aims to determine the relationship between maternal consumption of iron tablets during pregnancy and low birth weight. The study design used was cross-sectional by analyzing the 2018 Basic Health Research data. Chi-square analysis was used to determine the relationship between exposure (TTD consumption) and outcome (LBW) as well as other variables included in this study. TTD consumption as a determinant and other independent variables are pregnancy complications, gestational age, parity, history of hypertension, desire to have children, gestational age at K1, frequency of ANC, maternal age at pregnancy, education level, employment status, area of residence, and smoking habits. There is a significant relationship between maternal TTD consumption during pregnancy and the incidence of LBW. Mothers who did not take TTD at least 90 tablets had a 1.12 times greater risk of giving birth to LBW (95% CI: 1.02-1.2). Other factors that were significantly associated with LBW were pregnancy complications, gestational age, parity, history of hypertension, desire to have children, frequency of antenatal care, maternal age, maternal education level, employment status, area of residence, and smoking habits. It is expected that during pregnancy the mother routinely consumes 1 tablet of TTD every day at least 90 tablets, and routinely conducts pregnancy checks to unite the growth and development of the baby to prevent the incidence of LBW.
The prevalence of LBW in Indonesia based on the 2013 Basic Health Research was 10.2% with the proportion of LBW in urban and rural areas 9.4% and 11.2%. This study aims to analyze the dominant factors on LBW occurrence in urban and rural areas in Indonesia. This study is a cross-sectional study using secondary data from the Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) in 2017. Respondents in this study were 11,188 woman of childbearing age divided into 5,852 in urban areas and 5,336 in rural areas. The results of research in Indonesia showed a significant relationship between respondent’s education level (p = 0,000; OR = 1,471; 95% CI = 1,252-1,730), the frequency of antenatal care (p = 0,000; OR = 1,713; 95% CI = 1,317-2,229 ), gestational age at first examination (p = 0.026; OR = 1,246; 95% CI = 1,031-1,505), and total iron tablet consumption (p = 0,000; OR = 1,312; 95% CI = 1,131-1,621) with LBW. While in urban areas, factors related to LBW are parity (p = 0.039; OR = 1,258; 95% CI = 1,018-1,555), respondent’s education level (p = 0.001; OR = 1,542; 95% CI = 1,199-1,983) and total iron tablet consumption (p = 0.020; OR = 1,283; 95% CI = 1,044-1,576), and in rural areas is respondent’s education level (p = 0.002; OR = 1,423; 95% CI = 1,145-1,769), the frequency of antenatal care ( p = 0,000; OR = 1,878; 95% CI = 1,345-2,622), place of antenatal care (p = 0.037; OR = 0.781; 95% CI = 0.622-0.980), and total iron tablet consumption (p = 0.010; OR = 1.336 95% CI = 1,075-1,660). The most dominant factor for LBW occurrence in Indonesia and rural areas is the frequency of antenatal care, while in urban areas is the education level of respondents. Based on the results of this study, it is expected that socialization and education related to pregnancy such as regular pregnancy checks, increasing formal education level of woman of childbearing age, and regular consumption of TTD.
