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Salah satu upaya agar memperoleh sumber daya manusia (SDM) yang berkualitas di masa datang dengan memperhatikan keadaan gizi balita umumnya dan anak usia 6-17 bulan khususnya. Kemiskinan erat hubungannya dengan keadaan gizi balita, karena keterbatasan dalam memenuhi kebutuhan dasar antara lain makanan. Umumnya anak yang hidup di dalam keluarga miskin menderita gangguan pertumbuhan dan kurang gizi, tetapi kenyataannya dalam keadaan sosial ekonomi miskin masih terdapat anak-anak dengan status gizi baik, sehingga timbul pertanyaan faktor-faktor apakah yang menyebabkan anak keluarga miskin mempunyai status gizi baik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan status gizi baik anak usia 6-17 bulan pada keluarga miskin di Jakarta Utara, kabupaten Bogor dan kabupaten Lombok Barat. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah potong lintang (cross sectional) dengan jumlah sampel yang diolah 479 orang anak dari 540 orang anak yang ada pada studi penyimpangan positif masalah KEP di Jakarta Utara, kabupaten Bogor dan kabupaten Lombok Timur. Hasil penelitian melaporkan proporsi gizi baik pada anak usia 6-17 bulan di Jakarta Utara 64,7%,kabupaten Bogor 63,1%, kabupten Lombok Timur 59,3% dan secara keseluruhannya 62,4%. Hasil uji chi-square menunjukkan ada hubungan yang bermakna (p<0,05) asupan energi dan asupan protein dengan status gizi baik anak usia 6-1.7 bulan di Jakarta Utara, ada hubungan yang bermakna pengetahuan ibu tentang gizi dengan status gizi baik anak usia 6-17 bulan di kabupaten Bogor, ada hubungan yang bermakna pola asuh anak dengan status gizi baik anak usia 6-17 bulan di kabupaten Lombok Timur dan ada hubungan yang bermakna pengetahuan ibu tentang gizi dan keadaan rumah dengan status gizi basi anak usia 6-17 bulan pada total di tiga lokasi penelitian. Hasil analisis multivariat regresi logistik ganda juga menunjukkan bahwa faktor yang paling dominan berhubungan dengan status gizi baik anak usia 6-17 bulan adalah asupan protein di Jakarta Utara, pengetahuan ibu tentang gizi di kabupaten Bogor, pola asuh anak di kabupaten Lombok Timur dan keadaan rumah pada total di tiga lokasi penelitian. Dan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa proporsi gizi baik masih rendah dan adanya variasi faktor dominan yang berhubungan dengan status gizi baik anak usia 6-17 bulan di daerah miskin. Untuk itu Dinas Kesehatan kabupaten/kota dalam perencanaan perbaikan status gizi anak usia 6-17 bulan di daerah miskin tidak disamakan di semua lokasi tetapi dibedakan dengan melihat faktor dominan dimasing-masing lokasi dan perlunya perbaikan lingkungan perumahan yang disertai dengan penyuluhan perilaku hidup sehat. Untuk Puskemas perlu meningkatkan pengetahuan ibu tentang gizi melalui program promosi gizi seimbang di masyarakat.
Factors Related to Good Nutritional Status of Children Age 6-17 Months Old Among Poor Families in Northern Jakarta, Bogor District, and Eastern Lombok District in 1999. (Secondary Data Analysis)Among others, concern on under five nutritional status in general and children age 6-17 months old in particular is one important effort to improve the quality of human resource in the future. Poverty is closely related to the nutritional status of under five due to limitation to fulfill basic needs including food In general, children live within poor families suffered from growth retardation and under nutrition. However, within the poor socioeconomic environment, children with good nutritional status still can be found. This raises questions on what factors contribute to good nutritional status among poor families. The aim of this study is to investigate factors related to good nutritional status of children age 6-17 months old among poor families in Northern Jakarta, Bogor district, and Eastern Lombok district in 1999. Design of this study is cross sectional with number of sample of analysis 479 out of 540 children who were included in the positive deviance study on protein energy malnutrition in Northern Jakarta, Bogor district, and Eastern Lombok district. The study shows the proportion of children age 6-17 months old with good nutritional status are 64.7% in Northern Jakarta, 63.1% Bogor district, 59.3% in Eastern Lombok and the overall proportion is 62A%. The chi square test exhibits. significant association (p<0.45) between energy and protein intakes with good nutritional status among children age 6-17 months old in Northern Jakarta, significant association between mother's nutrition knowledge with good nutritional status among children age 6-17 months old in Bogor district, significant association between child care practices and good nutritional status among children age 6-17 months old in Eastern Lombok district, and significant association between mother's nutrition knowledge and house condition with good nutritional status among children age 6-17 months old. Multiple logistic regression analysis shows that the most dominant factors for good nutritional status among children age 6-17 months old are protein intake in Northern Jakarta, mother's nutrition knowledge in Bogor district, child care practices in Eastern Lombok district, and house condition for overall places. The study result concludes that the proportion of good nutritional status is still low and there is variation of dominant factors related to good nutritional status among children age 6-17 months old in poor areas. District Health Service have to consider the variation of determinant by making the planning of improvement of nutritional status not similar to the other districts. The planning has to be based on the real situation and the determinants which have been identified as main caused of nutritional status in each districts. There is a need to improve mother's nutrition knowledge through promotion of balance of nutrition and through promotion of nutrition in Posyandu as well as innovation of affordable nutrition balance.
Salah satu masalah kesehatan yang masih menjadi beban di negara-negara berkembang, seperti di Indonesia adalah masalah gizi buruk dan gizi kurang pada anak balita. Hal ini berkaitan dengan kualitas sumber daya manusia yang rendah dengan timbulnya berbagai masalah kesehatan. Bila hal itu dibiarkan di masa yang akan datang, akan semakin banyak anak yang tidak dapat menyelesaikan program wajib belajar sebab IQ nya rendah. Anak balita gizi buruk memiliki IQ 13 poin lebih rendah dibandingkan anak normal. Hasil penimbangan balita di kota Bogor pada tahun 2004, menunjukkan bahwa balita gizi buruk sebesar 0,4% dan gizi kurang 8,9%. Pengalaman di Laboratorium Pusat Penelitian Pengembangan Gizi dan Makanan (Lab P3GM) menunjukkan bahwa untuk perbaikan status gizi balita gizi buruk dengan tanda klinis (DTK) lebih lama dibanding tanpa tanda Minis (TTK). Status gizi buruk DTK adalah apabila gizi buruk tipe marasmus, kwashiorkor, dan marasmik kwashiorkor. Sedangkan status gizi buruk TTK adalah bila secara antropometri BBILI - 3 SD atau BB/TB - 2 SD, maka dikategorikan gizi buruk. Selama ini belum diketahui faktor yang mempengaruhi status gizi buruk balita DTK. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan pemberian makanan dan ASI serta faktor lain terhadap status gizi buruk balita DTK yang datang le Lab P3GM tersebut. Juga diketahuinya faktor dominan yang berpengaruh pada status gizi buruk anak balita DTK. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder, dengan disain penelitian Cross Sectional. Data yang digunakan berasal dari data anak balita gizi buruk yang mengikuti rawat jalan di Lab P3GM. Seluruh balita yang berkunjung pada tahun 2004-2005 yang datanya lengkap untuk analisis ink dan sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi dijadikan sampel dalam penelitian ini, yaitu sebanyak 74 anak. Analisis data yang dilakukan meliptiti analisis kai kuadrat dan analisis multivariat dengan nienggimakan analisis Regresi Logistik Ganda. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa persentase jumlah gizi buruk balita DTK lebih besar (67,6%) dibanding balita GB= TTK (32,4%). Di antara anal( balita gizi buruk DTK, ternyata lebih banyak anak gizi buruk dengan tipe marasmus (56,S%), disusul marasrnik kwashiorkor. (8,1%) don kwashiorkor (2,7%). Pembezian ASI berhubungan bermakna dengan status gizi buruk anak balita DTK. Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan bahwa pemberian ASI merupakan faktor yang paling dominan berhubungan dengan kejadian status gizi buruk anak balita ILK setelah dikontrol oleh faktor umur balita dan status anemia. Anak balita yang tEdak mendapat ASI mempunyai peluang untuk menderita gizi buruk DTK 7,616 kali (OR= 7,616; 95% CI: 1,578-36,750) dibandingkan balita yang masih mendapat ASI setelah dikontrol variabel umur balita. Promosi pemberian ASI secara benar pada ibu-ibu dari balita gizi buruk perlu diprioritaskan Promosi. ASI tersebut di antaranya, menyusui eksklusif selama 6 bulan dan meneruskan pemberian ASI hingga usia 2 tahun.
One of the health problem which is still being a burden in developing countries, including Indonesia, is malnutrition in underfive children. It related to the low quality of human resources with the occurrence of many health problems and if it is occurred, in the future will be many children not being able to graduate from their compulsory education program caused of their low IQ. Severe malnutrition children are 13 pains lower than normal children in IQ level. Children weighing result in Bogor 2004, showed that underfive children with severe malnutrition were 0,4% and moderate malnutrition were 8,9%. The experience in Food and Nutrition Development Research Center Laboratory (Lab P3GM) result is to improve the nutrition status of severe malnutrition in under five children with clinical sign (WCS) is longer than without clinical sign (WoCS). The WCS severe malnutrition are severe malnutritions with marasmus, kwashiorkor and marasmic kwashiorkor types. Whereas the severe malnutrition WoCS is if in antropomically WIA - 3 SD or WIH - 2 SD, therefore categorized as severe malnutrition. Until now, the factors that influence the WCS children with severe malnutrition are still undetectable. Research that aims to find the relationship between food and breast feeding gift along with other factors of WCS chidren with severe malnutrion status that came to the Lab P3GM. Also known the dominant factor which influenced the WCS children with severe malnutrition. This research uses secondary data of cross sectional research design. The children's data which suffered severe malnutrition and took the away treatment at Lab P3GIvL The amount of all underfive years chidren visited in 2004-2005 and had the complete data for this analysis and also suitable with the inclusive and exclusive criteria that made as examples in this research were 74 children. The data analysis that done, the chi square analysis and multivariate analysis. Analysis result describes the some of WCS children with severe malnutrition are bigger (67,6%) than severe malnutrition WoCS (32,4%). Between severe malnutrition WCS children, apparently, there were more severe malnutrition children in marasmus type (56,8%), followed by marasmik kwashiorkor (8,3%) and kwashiorkor (2,7%). Breast feeding gift is related to the WCS children status of severe malnutrition. The result of multivariate analysis described that breast feeding gift to children was the most dominant factor related to the WCS children status case of severe malnutrition after having been controlled by the children age and anaemic status factors. Underfive children that do not get breast feeding gift, having risk of suffering WCS severe malnutrition 7,616 times (OR = 7,616; 95% Cl : 1,578 -- 36,750) compared with children that still having the breast feeding after controlled according to children's age variables. Promotion of breast feeding gift correctly, to all mothers of underfive children with severe malnutrition, needs to be given priority. The promotion is an exclusive breast feeding for 6 months and until 2 years old.
Hasil pemantauan gizi dan kesehatan (Nutrition and Health Surveillance System/NSS) tahun I999-2003 menunjukkan tingginya prevalensi gizi kurang (berat badan menurut umur <-2 SD dari median NCHS), yaitu di atas 30% (klasifikasi WHO) pada balita di daerah kumuh perkotaan maupun pedesaan. Prevalensi gizi kurang tersebut lebih tinggi di daerah kumuh perkotaan dibandingkan daerah kumuh pedesaan. Kota Jakarta merupakan salah satu daerah kumuh perkotaan yang terrnasuk dalam daerah pengumpulan data NSS. Di daerah ini, prevalensi gizi kurang tinggi pada anak usia 12-23 bulan (Juni-September 2003), yaitu 42% dan prevalensi ASI eksklusif paling rendah dibandingkan dengan ketiga daerah kumuh perkotaan lainnya (Surabaya, Semarang dan Makassar), yaitu hanya 1%. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian survei menggunakan data sekunder NSS yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan status gizi anak umur 6-24 bulan daerah kumuh perkotaan di Jakarta tahun 2003. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 1031 anak dan analisis data meliputi univariat, bivariat dan multivariat. Analisis multivariat menggunakan analisis Regresi Logistik Ganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan anak umur 18-24 bulan berisiko mengalami gizi kurang 3,041 kali dan anak umur 12-17 bulan berisiko mengalami gizi kurang 2,443 kali dibanding anak umur 6-11 bulan. Kemudian anak dengan berat badan lahir < 2,5 kg berisiko mengalami gizi kurang 3,018 kali dibanding anak dengan berat badan lahir > 2,5 kg. Selanjutnya ibu dengan IMT S 18,5 berisiko mempunyai anak gizi kurang sebesar 1,828 kali dibanding ibu dengan IMT > 18,5. Adapun keluarga dengan jumlah balita > 2 orang berisiko mempunyai anak gizi kurang 1,407 kali dibanding keluarga dengan jumlah balita 1 orang. Faktor paling dominan berhubungan dengan status gizi anak adalah umur bayi/anak berikutnya berat badan lahir, IMT ibu dan jumlah balita. Umur bayi/anak terutama umur 18-24 bulan berisiko lebih besar menderita gizi kurang karena pada umur tersebut anak mulai mengalarni gangguan pertumbuhan akibat efek kurnulatif dani faktor ASI dan makanan yang tidal( diberikan secara adekuat pada umur sebelumnya. Di samping itu, anak mempunyai riwayat berat badan lahir rendah sehingga sulit mengejar ketinggalan pertumbuhannya, status gizi ibu yang kurang balk dan banyaknya balita dalam keluarga berdampak pada pertumbuhan anak. Oleh karena itu, perlu pemantauan status gizi anak, status gizi ibu prahamil, selama hamil dan pasta hamil. Selain itu, perlu penyuluhan mengenai pemberian MP-ASI umur 4-6 bulan dan pemberian makanan tambahan pada anak serta suplementasi vitamin pada ibu.
Nutrition and Health Surveillance System (NSS) year 1999-2003 shows prevalence of underweight (weight for age < -2 SD from NCHS median) is very high , that is above 30% (WHO classification) on infant at rural and urban slum areas. An underweight prevalence at urban slum areas is higher than rural slum areas. Jakarta is the one of slum area that include in NSS data collection area. In this area, prevalence of underweight children 12-23 months of age (June-September 2003), is 42% and prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding is the lowest compared with other three urban slum areas (Surabaya, Semarang and Makassar), is only 1%. This research is a survey research using NSS secondary data that aimed to identify factors that related with nutrient status of children 6-24 months of age in urban slum of Jakarta year 2003. Total sample are 1031 children and data analysis consist of univariate, bivariate and multivariate. Multivariate analysis use double logistic regression analysis. Research result show child 18-24 months of age have risk in having underweight 3,041 times and child 12-17 months of age have risk in having underweight 2,443 times compared with child 6-11 months of age. Moreover, child with birth weight < 2,5 kilo have risk in having underweight 3,018 times compared with child with birth weight >. 2,5 kilo. While mother with Body Mass Index (BMI) BMI > 18,5. Meanwhile family with under-five child member > 2 have risk 1,407 times in having underweight child compared to family with one under-five child member. The most dominant factor related to child nutrient status is child age, after that birth weight, mother's BMI and under-five child member. Child 18-24 months of age have bigger risk in having underweight because, at that age, the child begin to have growth problem result from cumulative effect from breastfeeding factor and not enough food given at previous age. Besides that, child with low birth weight record is difficult to catch up their growth, mother nutrient status and the amount of under-five child impact to child growth. Thus, the need of children nutrient status surveillance, mother nutrient status of before pregnancy, during pregnancy and after pregnancy. Besides that, the need of health promotion about complementary feeding 4-6 month age and extra food distribution to child and vitamin supplement to mother.
The aim of this study was to discuss the historical of disease, protein intake, and other factors related to the nutritional status of the elderly posyandu participants. The cross sectional study towards 112 samples aged 45 to 79 years of age undertaken at Grogol Subdistrict, West Jakarta. Data characteristics (age, sex, education, and working status); the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of balanced nutrition; historical of disease; and the pattern of energy, protein, fat intake) were collected through interviews with the questionnaire. Data of the nutritional status with Body Mass Index (BMI) indicator was collected by anthropometric measurements. The analysis of association between independent variables with dependent variable used Chi Square Test.