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Di Indonesia, prevalensi KEK pada ibu hamil meningkat dari 16,9% pada tahun 2018 menjadi 17% pada tahun 2023. Padahal, dalam rangka menekan angka KEK pada ibu hamil, pemerintah Indonesia sejak tahun 2014 menerapkan program intervensi gizi bagi ibu hamil diantaranya mengimplementasikan pemberian makanan tambahan sesuai bahan pangan lokal, pemberian tablet TTD, dan kelas ibu hamil. Meskipun program gizi dan kesehatan ibu telah lama diimplementasikan di Indonesia, masalah KEK pada ibu hamil masih menjadi salah satu bentuk malnutrisi yang belum tertangani secara efektif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan risiiko KEK pada ibu hamil berdasarkan data SKI 2023. Desain penelitian ini adalah cross sectional dengan sampel ibu hamil yang berada pada kehamilan trimester 3 dan menggunakan uji regresi logsitik sederhana untuk analisis bivariat. Dari 5.055 ibu hamil yang berhasil disurvey, terdapat 1.383 data yang eligible untuk digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian ini terdapat 153 (11,1%) ibu hamil dengan risiko KEK. Provinsi dengan kasus ibu hamil risiko KEK terbanyak di Indonesia adalah Jawa Tengah sebanyak 103 kasus (7,2%) sedangkan provinsi dengan kasus terendah adaalah Papua Pegunungan sebanyak 3 kasus (0,2%). Status sosial ekonomi keluarga terendah (OR 2,13; 95% CI 1,28 – 3,54), konsumsi buah ≤ 3 kali per bulan (OR 0,26; 95% CI 1,15 – 5,94), dan mengalami stres (OR 3,17; 95% CI 1,03 – 9,75) adalah faktor risiko yang berasosiasi dengan risiko KEK pada ibu hamil. Selain itu, faktor yang menunjukkan protektif terhadap risiko KEK pada ibu hamil adalah berumur > 35 tahun (OR 0,37; 95% CI 0,18 – 0,76). Oleh karena itu, program bantuan bagi keluarga ibu hamil miskin mampu mendukung pencegahan risiko KEK pada ibu hamil.
In Indonesia, the prevalence of CED among pregnant women increased from 16.9% in 2018 to 17% in 2023. In fact, in order to reduce the rate of CED in pregnant women, the Indonesian government since 2014 has implemented nutrition intervention programmes for pregnant women including implementing supplementary feeding according to local food ingredients, providing TTD tablets, and pregnant women's classes. Although nutrition and maternal health programmes have long been implemented in Indonesia, the problem of CED in pregnant women is still one of the forms of malnutrition that has not been effectively addressed. This study aims to determine the factors associated with the risk of CED in pregnant women based on SKI 2023 data. The design of this study was cross sectional with a sample of pregnant women who were in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy and used simple logistic regression test for bivariate analysis. Of the 5,055 pregnant women surveyed, 1,393 were eligible to be used in this study. The results of this study showed that there were 153 (11.1%) pregnant women at risk of CED. The province with the most cases of pregnant women at risk of CED in Indonesia was Central Java with 103 cases (7.2%) while the province with the lowest cases was Papua Mountains with 3 cases (0.2%). Lowest family socioeconomic status (OR 2.13; 95% CI 1.28 - 3.54), fruit consumption ≤ 3 times per month (OR 0.26; 95% CI 1.15 - 5.94), and experiencing stress (OR 3.17; 95% CI 1.03 - 9.75) were risk factors associated with the risk of CED in pregnant women. In addition, the factor that showed protective against the risk of CED in pregnant women was being > 35 years old (OR 0.37; 95% CI 0.18 - 0.76). Therefore, the assistance programme for families of poor pregnant women can support the prevention of the risk of CED in pregnant women.
Energy and other nutrients need are increase during pregnancy, especially in the third trimester of pregnancy. Malnutrition is not just a lack of food but also a combination of several factors such as inadequate consumption of protein, energy and micronutrients, the presence of infectious diseases, inadequate health services, poor water and sanitation. Pregnant women with poor nutritional status will experience nutritional problems such as chronic energy deficiency (CED). Pregnant women who have a risk of CED are having mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) < 23.5 cm. Pregnant women who are at risk of CED are expected to have LBW babies. The purpose of this study was to determine the related factors of chronic energy deficiency risk on pregnant women in Indonesia. This study used a cross-sectional design using secondary data from basic health research in 2018. The sample of this study was 3,341 respondents of third trimester pregnant women. Data were analyzed using Cox Regression to determine the prevalence ratio (PR) the related factors of chronic energy deficiency with a Confident Interval (CI95%) to see significance. The prevalence of CED risk on pregnant women in Indonesia is 14.9%. The results of multivariat analysis showed that the related factors of CED risk were number of family members > 4 peoples ( PR 1.388; CI95% 1.1611.661), rural residance (PR 1.337; CI95% 1.111-1.608), multigravida (PR 0.604; CI95% 0.503-0.726) and grandemultigravida (PR 0.722; CI95% 0.515-1.011). It is recomendet that the goverment provide nutrition consultasy services at the public health center, counseling by midwives in village, limiting the number of children in the community started with labor and empowering communities especially in rural areas.
Pendahuluan. Kelahiran bayi prematur di Indonesia masih cukup tinggi (14,2%), bila dibandingkan dengan negara-negara lainnya yang termasuk kedalam negara berpenghasilan sedang seperti Cina, Chili, Amerika Latin, Uruguay dan Brazil. Dampak yang ditimbulkan akibat persalinan prematur ini sangat besar seperti peningkatan mortalitas dan morbiditas bayi serta gangguan tumbuh kembang yang nantinya akan berdampak panjang pada kelangsungan hidup bayi. Salah satu penyebab terjadinya prematur adalah anemia pada ibu hamil. Meskipun pada beberapa penelitian anemia telah terbukti meningkatkan risiko terjadinya persalinan prematur, namun masih perlu dilakukan penelitian lain pada populasi yang berbeda, yaitu populasi perkotaan (rural) disalah satu rumah sakit di Jakarta Pusat (RSIA Budi Kemuliaan). Tujuan Penelitian. Mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh anemia ibu hamil pada trimester III dengan kejadian persalinan prematur di RSIA Budi Kemuliaan Jakarta periode Januari - April 2010 setelah di kontrol dengan variabel karakteristik ibu, Status Sosio Ekonomi, kondisi kehamilan dan persalinan saat ini, dan riwayat obstetri yang pernah dialami ibu. Metode Penelitian. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah kasus kontrol dengan penggunaan data sekunder rekam medik. Populasi penelitian pada kelompok kasus yaitu semua ibu yang melahirkan < 37 minggu di RSIA Budi Kemuliaan dan populasi kontrol adalah semua ibu yang melahirkan aterm (cukup bulan) > 37-42 minggu di RSIA Budi Kemuliaan Jakarta. Sampel penelitian diambil dari persalinan pada periode waktu Januari – April 2010. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah regresi logistik. Hasil Penelitian. Pada analisis bivariat hubungan anemia prematur diperoleh OR 4,38 (95% CI: 2,24 – 7,85) sebelum dikontrol dengan variabel kovariat. Setelah dilakukan analisis multivariat didapatkan model akhir hubungan anemia ibu hamil dan prematur dan faktor lainnya yang berpengaruh yaitu pendidikan, jarak kehamilan, cara melahirkan dan komplikasi kehamilan didapatkan OR 5.79 (95% CI: 3,03 – 11,08). Kesimpulan. Hubungan anemia ibu hamil dan terjadinya prematur didapatkan OR 5.79 (95% CI: 3,03 – 11,08), artinya ibu hamil yang menderita anemia berisiko 5,79 kali untuk melahirkan prematur dibandingkan dengan ibu hamil yang tidak anemia setelah dikontrol oleh variabel pendidikan, jarak melahirkan, cara melahirkan dan komplikasi kehamilan Kata kunci: prematur, anemia.
Introduction. Premature in Indonesia if compare to the other developmental countries such as China, Chile, America Latin, Uruguay and Brazil is still high (14,2%). The effect of premature is extremely huge, for example it’s increasing the baby mortality and the morbidity rate as well as interfering the growth and developmental process from childhood to adulthood and the future. One of the causal factors of prematurity is anemia during pregnancy. Eventough the relationship between premature and anemia in pregnancy is well-noted in some previous researchs, the author believe that it still needs to be done on other settings like urban population at Rumah Sakit Ibu dan Anak Budi Kemuliaan Jakarta Pusat. Objective. To obtain the magnitude of the risk prematur caused by anemia during pregnancy at Third Trisemeters at RSIA Budi Kemuliaan Jakarta period January-April 2010 after contolled by variabel maternal characteristics, social economic status, condition of current pregnancy and delivery, and obstetrical history. Method. This case control research used data from medical record. The case population is whole mothers whom delivered < 37 weeks of gestation, while control population is whole mothers whom delivered aterm > 3742 weeks at RSIA Budi Kemuliaan Jakarta. Sampel was taken from period January to April 2010 and the data was analized with logistic regression. Result. On bivariat analisys found OR 4,38 (95% CI: 2,24 – 7,85. Fitted model on multivariate analysis after controlling variables education, length of pregnancy, mode of delivery and complication OR 5.79 (95% CI: 3,03 – 11,08). Conclusion. The effect of anemia in pregnancy to premature found OR 5.79 (95% CI: 3,03 – 11,08), which implies the mother whom anemia during pregnancy having risk 5,79 times to have premature baby than mother whom are not anemia during pregnancy after controlled by variable education, length of pregnancy, mode of delivery, and complication in pregnancy. xi Key words: prematur, anemia.
Latar belakang: Hampir tidak adanya perubahan jumlah kejadian bayi berat lahir rendah selama empat tahun terakhir merupakan suatu masalah besar, sehingga dapat berkontribusi terhadap angka kematian dan angka kesakitan bayi. Metod: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain kasus kontrol, untuk melihat hubungan status anemia trimester I, II, dan selama hamil sebagai variabel utama dengan kejadian bayi berat lahir rendah setelah dikendalikan dengan umur ibu, paritas, jarak kehamilan, tinggi badan, penambahan berat badan, lingkar lengan atas, kunjungan ke palayanan kesehatan. Dari 84,98 % data register kohort ibu yang valid dibagi menjadi dUa bagian. Pertama adalah ibu yang melahirkan aterm dengan bayi lahir berat badan rendah yang dikelompokkan menjadi kasus dan kedua ibu yang melahirkan aterm dengan bayi berat badan lahir normal yang dikategorikan kelompok kontrol. Untuk kelompok kasus semua ibu yang melahirkan aterm dengan bayi berat lahir rendah tahun 2006 dan 2007 diambil sedangkan tahun 2005 dilakukan random kasus hingga memenuhi 96 kasus. Untuk kelompok kontrol dibuat kerangka sampel, dari kerangka sampel ini kemudian diambil sampel secara random, sesuai dengan tempat dan waktu dimana kasus ditemukan hingga jumlahnya 96 kontrol. Sehingga total sampel penelitian berjumlah 192 sampel. Analisis multivariat menggunakan uji regresi logistik ganda dengan interaksi antara anemia dan lingkar lengan atas ibu hamil. Hasil: Ibu hamil yang anemia trimester I dan lingkar lengan atas kurang 23,5 cm berisiko 13,57 (95 % CI: 2,74-67,20) melahirkan bayi berat lahir rendah dibandingkan dengan ibu hamil yang tidak anamia dan lingkar lengan atasnya lebih dari 23,5 cm dengan nilai p =0,001; Ibu hamil yang anemia trimester III dan lingkar lengan atas kurang 23,5 cm berisiko 7,44 (95% CI : 1,94-28,62) melahirkan bayi berat lahir rendah dibandingkan dengan ibu hamil yang tidak anemia dan lingkar lengan atas lebih dari 23,5 cm dengan nilai p =0,003; Ibu hamil yang anemia selama kehamilannya (trimester I dan III) dan lingkar dengan atas kurang 23,5 cm berisiko 9,97 (95% CI: 1,81·54,79) melahirkan bayi berat lahir rendah di dibandingkan dengan ibu yang tidak anemia dan lingkar lengan atas lebih dari 23,5 cm dengan niai p = 0,008. Kesimpulan: ibu barnil yang mengalarni status goo kurang (anemia dan lingkar lengan a!aS kurang 23,5 em) memperbesar risiko kejadian baY; berat 1abir rendah di Kola Jambi taboo 2005·2001.
Background: Next to nothing is change sum up heavy baby occurrence born to lower during four the last year represent an big problem, so that earn bave contribution to mortality and number of baby painfulness. Design: This research use design case control, to see relation of status of anemia of trimester I, II, and during pregnancy as especial variable with heavy baby occurrence born to lower after controlled with mother age, parity. apart pregnancy, high of body, heavy addition of body, circle arm to the, visit to health service. From 84,98 % data of divided to valid register cohort mother become two shares. Mother bearing a term with baby born bady weight lower grouped to become case and second mother hearing a term with heavy baby of body born normal is which group control. For the case group of all mother bearing a term with heavy baby born to lower year 2006 and 2007 taken by 2005 done by random case till fulfill 96 case. For the group control made by framework sample, from this framework sample later; then be taken by sample in random as according 10 place and time of where case found till sum up 96 control. So that totalize sample research amount to 192 sample. Analysis multivariate use test of regression logistics duplicate with interaction of between anemia and arm circumference to the pregnant mother. Results: Pregnancy woman which anemia of trimester I and arm circumference to the less 23,5 cm risk 13,57 (95 % CI: 2,74-67,20) bearing heavy baby born to lower compared to by a pregnancy mother which the anemia do not and the arm circumference to the more than 23,5 cm with p value = 0,001; Pregnancy mother which anemia of trimester III and arm circumference to the less 23,5 cm risk 7,44 (95% CI: 1,94-28,62) bearing heavy baby born to lower compared to by a pregnancy mother which the anemia do not and the arm circumference to the more than 23,5 cm with p value=0,003; Pregnancy mother which anemia of during his pregnancy (trimester I and III) and the arm circumference to the less 23,5 cm risk 9,97 (95% CI: 1,81-54,79) bearing heavy baby born 10 lower in compared to by a mother which the anemia do not and the ann circumference to the more than 23,5 cm with p value= O,008 aras pregnant mother. Conclusion: Pregnancy woman experiencing of status gizi less (anemia and arm circumference to the less 23,5 cm) enlarging risk of heavy baby occurrence born to lower in Kota Jambi Year 2005-2007.