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Kepemilikan asuransi kesehatan mempunyai pengaruh terhadap pemanfaatan sarana layanan kesehatan. Di Provinsi Jambi orang yang memiliki asuransi kesehatan dan memanfaatkan sarana layanan kesehatan masih rendah bila dibandingkan dengan persentase nasional asutansi kesehatan baru mencapai 33% dari jumlah penduduk, sedangkan yang memanfaatkan sarana layanan keseha1an rawat jalan baru mencapai 34,70% dan rawat inap baru mencapai 2,25%. Selain kepemilikan asuransi kesehatan pemanfaatan sarana layanan kesehatan dipengaruhi juga oleh faktor lain seperti, jenis kelamin, umur, pendidikan, pekerjaan, pendapatan, wilayah tempat tinggal (kota/desa) dan keluhan kesehatan. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional dan bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah kepemilikan asuransi kesehatan di Propinsi Jambi mempengaruhi pemanfaatan sarana layanan kesehatan untuk rawat jalan dan rawat inap, baik milik pemerintah maupun swasta. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder hasil Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas) yang dilaksanakan pada tahun 2006 dengan menggunakan kuesioner VSEN2006.K. Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah penduduk Propiosi Jambi, sedangkan sampel adalah semUa individu yang diwawancarai atau yang di data oleh petugas pencacah. Untuk mengetahui hubungan masing-masing variabel digunakan uji bivariat, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan uji multivariat Uji statistik yang diperlukan pada analisis bivariat digunakan uji kai kundrat dan uji T, sedangkan untuk uJi analisis multivariat memakai uji regresi logistik. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa faktor kepemilikan asuransi kesenatan, kelompok umur, wilayah (kota/desa), dan ke1uhan sakit berhubungan dengan pemanfaatan sarana layanan kesehatan rawat jalan. Untuk rawat inap faktor yang berhubungan adalah kepemilikan asuransi kesehatan, kelompok umur, wilayah (kota/desa), keluhan sakit dan pendapatan. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan agar pemerintah memberikan pelayanan kesehatan yang merata, memberikan perhatian yang serius terhadap asuransi untuk orang miskin di Propinsi Jambi, baik dari segi pendataan maupun pendanaan.
Health insurance has influence on utilizalion of health care facilities in Jambi Province. Persentage of people who had health insurance and have utilized health care facilities were lower than national percentage. Health insurance covered only 33% in Jambi and only 34,7% of them have utilized out patient care, 2,25% of them have utilized in patient care of health centres. Bisides health insurance, health care utilization are influenced by other factors such: as sex, age, education, employment status, income, geogrofiphic (urban/rural) and symptoms illness. This research was designed as cross sectional study, aimed to know whether health insurance ownership in Jambi Province influenced the utilization of public or private health care centres, for out patient care and inpatient care. This research used data from the 2006 Nasional Socioeconomic Survey, called Susenas, Only data from questioner VSEN 2006.K was used in this research. Populations of the research was an people in Jambi province. All individuals interviewed in Susenas were enrolled as samples in this research. Bivariate analysis was to fird the relationship among variables. Those variables were then analyzed by multivariate analysis. Statistical test that was used for bivariate analysis were chi-square test and T-test, and test for multivariate analysis were logistic regretion test, The research findings found that factors such health insurance ownership, age, geographic (urband/rural), symptom of illness were related to outpatient health care. Utilization of inpatient hearth care were related to health insurance ownership, age, geographic (urband/rural), symptom of illness, and income. The findings of this research recommended government to increase equity in health care services, to give great intentios in health insurance for the poor in Jambi Province especia1ly in collecting data of the poor and funding system.
Seven years since the national health insurance scheme (JKN) was introduced, coverage in DKI Jakarta Province has reached 85% of the population, but the average out-of-pocket (OOP) health expenditure of DKI Jakarta residents is twice that of the national expenditure. The high JKN coverage was accompanied by an increase in OOP in DKI Jakarta Province. This study focuses on understanding how health insurance ownership relates to health service utilization and cash health expenditure in DKI Jakarta Province. This study uses secondary data from Susenas Kor in 2021. The quantitative analysis conducted in this study includes two stages, the first stage using individual-level data to determine the determinants of individual health behavior on health service utilization. The second stage was carried out using household-level data to determine the tendency of health insurance utilization with out-of-pocket health expenditure in DKI Jakarta Province. This study found that the economic status of the population in quintile one (Q1) and quintile two (Q2) is the largest group of people who do not have health insurance. The results of the first stage of analysis show that DKI Jakarta residents prefer privately-run health facilities for outpatient utilization, while government-operated health facilities are slightly superior for inpatient utilization. Residents who have JKN will use it for outpatient and inpatient utilization. The results of the second stage showed that the out-of-pocket cash health expenditure of people with national health insurance (JKN) was lower than that of people without health insurance. Residents who have dual/combination health insurance (JKN and private) when utilizing health services are using private health insurance. The higher the economic status of the population, the higher their health expenditure. This study suggests that the government should pay close attention to the coverage of health insurance among people with low economic status. It also needs to encourage people to make more use of JKN when utilizing outpatient and inpatient care in order to further reduce financial risk, especially for people with vulnerable household members.
Pembangunan kesehatan adalah proses yang terus menerus dan progresif untuk meningkatkan derajat kesehatan masyarakat. Dengan di berlakukannya Amandemen I - IV UU Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia tahun 1945, tujuan negara sudah semakin jelas di mana secara eksplisit menempatkan kesehatan sebagai bagian dari kesejahteraan rakyat yang. harus tersedia merata. Konsekwensinya daerah-daerah harus mengalokasikan pendanaan.. yang lebih besar terhadap sektor kesehatan. Pendanaan kesehatan merupakan kunci utama dalam suatu sistem kesehatan di berbagai negara. Penelitian Oleh WHO di Indonesia yang selama bertahun-tahun prihatin bahwa masalah kesehatan di Indonesia mengalami kemandegan akibat pendanaan, sebagai salah satu masukan (input) yang penting kurang mendapat perhatian. Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Muaro Jambi dengan jumlah anggaran kesehatan yang masih rendah di tambah lagi dengan belum teratasinya beberapa masalah kesehatan, penting dilakukan analisis pembiayaan kesehatan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran tentang peta pembiayaan kesehatan bersumber pemerintah di Dinas kesehatan Kabupaten Muaro Jambi tahun 2006. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian dengan desain deskriptif operasional di bidang analisis pembiayaan kesehatan Masyarakat yang bersumber dari pemerintah di Dinas Kesehatan, Puskesmas dan Gudang Farmasi dalam wilayah Kabupaten Muaro Jambi, Penelitian ini adalah telaah dokumen Dalam DASK yang di kelompokan menurut, sumber, provider, Fungsi biaya, program Prioritas dan realiasasi angearan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa total anggaran untuk pembiayaan kesehatan masyarakat bersumber pemerintah sebesar Rp 21,052,017,064,- dan nilai per kapita adalah Rp 71,104,11,- per tahun, yang bersumber dari APBD Kabupaten Rp 13,448,602,038 (65 %), Pinjaman Luar Negeri/Bantuan Luar Negeri PLN/BLN adalah sebesar Rp 4,300,000,000,- (21%) dan APBN sebesar Rp 3,015,000,000,(15 %). Dari 7 Provider, Bagian Tata Usaha mendapat porst terbesar Rp 7,013,652,601,- (34%) sedangkan terkecil alokasi biaya Bidang Pelayanan Kesehatan dasar Rp 919,380,000,- (4%). Pengelompokan menurut biaya pelayanan kesehatan yang terbesar adalah suporting Rp 12,770,145,438,- (62%). Fungs) pembiayaan Line Htem dengan alokasi dana terbesar adalah biaya Operasional yaitu Rp 16.121,935,838,(78%). Pembiayaan program kesehatan alokasi terbesar adalah program kesehatan kuratif Rp, 6,543,320,200,- (32%). Pembiayan 9 program kesehatan prioritas sesuai Standar Pelayanan Minimal (SPM) alokasi terbesar untuk program pelayanan kesehatan dasar sejumlah Rp 4,695,774,960,- (23%). Realisasi dana yang sudah di alokasikan adalah sejumlah 92% terdiri dari: Dana yang bersumber APBN 99%, realisasi anggaran bersumber APBD adalah 98%, dana yang besumber dari BLN/PLN mempunyai realisasi dana terrendah hanya 68% dani total alokasi anggaran. Di sarankan bagi pemerintah Kabupaten Muaro Jambi dalam menyusun kebijakan pembiayaan sektor kesehatan kiranya lebih memperhatikan distribusi per Provider, Program prioritas dan standar pelayanan minimal bidang kesehatan maupun distribusi sesuai fungsi pembiayaan pelayanan kesehatan. Hal ini harus di ikuti dengan peningkatan pembiayan sektor kesehatan terutama untuk pelayanan publik untuk menunjang visi dan misi kesehatan serta visi Pemerintah daerah Kabupaten Muaro Jambi tercapai. Dinas Kesehatan perlu memaksimalkan penyusunan Disirict Health Account (DHA) sehingga diperoleh bahan evaluasi dan penentuan alokasi pembiayaan program yang lebih memudahkan dalam pengelompokan pembiayaan kesehatan Masyarakat. Dinas Kesehatan dan Rumah Sakit Daerah lebih meningkatkan advokasi kepada Pemerintah Daerah, DPRD dan sektor swasta serta masyarakat dalam memobilisasi sumber pembiayaan kesehatan.
Development of health is progressive and continuous process to increase degree of health of public. With in the doing of Amendment I - [VY UU Dasar Negara Republic Indonesia year 1945, purpose of state have been progressively clear where explicitly place health as part of prosperity of people to be be available flatten. The consequence of allocation areas have to financing of larger oneses to health sectors. Financing of health is main key in health system in various states. According To Thabrani H" Research By WHO in Indonesia which during through years concerned that problem of health in Indonesia experience stag as result of financing, as one of input ( input) important less getting attention " The purpose of this research is to know about defrayal of health from duty of health government of Sub-Province Muaro Jambi year 2006. This research type is descriptive operational research design in deftayal analysis of Public health which stemming from government in health of duty, Puskesmas (public health centre) and Pharmacy warehouse in Sub-Province of Muaro Jambi, this research is DASK document study which grouped according, source, provider, cost function, Priority program and budget realization. This research result show that total budget for defrayal of public health from government equal to Rp 21,052,017,064,,- and assess per capita is Rp 71,104,11,- per year, from Sub-Province District Revenue Plan (APBD) Rp 13,448,602,038 (65%), Foreign Loan /Foreign Aid (PLN/BLN) is equal to Rp 4.300,000,000,- (21%) and State Revenue Plan (APBN) equal to Rp 3,015,000,000,- (15%). From 7 Provider, Arranging Effort get the biggest portion Rp 7,013,652,601,- (- 34%), smallest cost allocation is Base Health Service Rp 919,380,000,- (- 4%). Subdividing according to the service health budget the biggest is supporting Rp 12,770,145,438,- (- 62%). Line Item defrayal function with the biggest fund allocation is Operational expense that is Rp 16,121,935,838,- (78%). The biggest allocation health program defrayal is curative Medicare Rp 6,543,320,200, (32%). Defrayal of 9 priorities Medicare according to Minimum Standard Service (SPM) the biggest allocation for base health service program is Rp 4.695.774.960, (23%). Fund Realization which allocated was 92% consisted: Fund from APBN 99%, budget realization from APBD 98%, fund from BLN/PLN have low fund realization which is only 68% from total budget allocation. In suggesting for government of Sub-Province of Muaro Jambi in compiling policy of health defrayal sector presumably more pay attention to distribution per Provider, Priority program and Minimum Standard Service and also distribution according health service defrayal function. This thing must follow with increasing of health defrayal sector especially public service for supporting health mission and vision and also to reach the vision of Sub-Province Muaro Jambi Government. Duty of Health enquires to maximize compilation of District Health Account (DHA) so that can obtained a material for evaluation and determination of defrayal allocation of program which more facilitate in subdividing of health public defrayal. Duty of Health and district hospital needs more advocating to local government, private sector and Local Parliament and also public in mobilization source of health defrayal.
Institutional delivery has an impact on decreasing maternal mortality. InIndonesia, institutional delivery increases every year, but there are still 30%-37%delivery at home. Unfortunately, the increase did not in line with maternalmortality reduction so that Indonesia did not achieve the fifth MDGs goal. Inorder to achieve Universal Health Coverage, Indonesia implemented JaminanKesehatan Nasional (JKN) for all. JKN integrated four types of health insurance.One of its benefits is maternal health services. Health insurance can addressfinancial barriers on delivery in health facility.Using secondary data of Riskesdas 2013 and Podes 2011, the study aims toinvestigate the effect of health insurance on institutional delivery in Indonesia.The estimation of the effect used probit and bivariate probit models to take intoaccount the issue of endogeneity of health insurance.The result found that health insurance tends to increase institutional delivery by39.52%. Furthermore, the increase is expected to reduce maternal mortality.Keywords: Health insurance, Institutional delivery, Probit, Bivariate probit.
Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui peran jaminan kesehatan dan determinan yang mempengaruhi pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan oleh penyandang disabilitas di Indonesia pada tahun 2021 menggunakan data Susenas Maret 2021. Variabel terikat penelitian ini adalah pemanfaatan pelayanan kesehatan rawat jalan dan rawat inap di FKTP dan FKRTL. Data dianalisis secara bivariat dan multivariat dengan metode Binary Regression menggunakan model logit. Diketahui variabel kepemilikan jaminan kesehatan, pemanfaatan JKN, jenis disabilitas, tingkat keparahan disabilitas, jenis kelamin, pendidikan, status pekerjaan, status kawin, jumlah anggota rumah tangga, dan karakteristik tempat tinggal serta status ekonomi berpengaruh signifikan pada pemanfaatan layanan rawat jalan dan rawat inap (p-value 0,000 <0,005). Kepemilikan jaminan kesehatan non JKN atau kepemilikan jaminan kesehatan ganda (JKN dan non JKN) meningkatkan peluang pemanfaatan layanan baik rawat inap maupun rawat jalan. Terjadi penurunan kepemilikan jaminan kesehatan terhadap peningkatan status ekonomi penyandang disabilitas (propoor). Sebaliknya terjadi tren peningkatan pemanfaatan jaminan kesehatan terhadap peningkatan status ekonomi keluarga penyandang disabilitas (prorich).
This research aims to determine the role of health insurance and the determinants that influence the use of health services by people with disabilities in Indonesia in 2021 using Susenas data for March 2021. The dependent variable of this research is the use of outpatient and inpatient health services at FKTP and FKRTL. Data were analyzed bivariately and multivariately using the Binary Regression method using the logit model. It is known that the variables of ownership of health insurance, utilization of JKN, type of disability, severity of disability, gender, education, employment status, marital status, number of household members, and characteristics of residence and economic status have a significant effect on the utilization of outpatient and inpatient services ( p-value 0.000 <0.005). Ownership of non-JKN health insurance or ownership of dual health insurance (JKN and non-JKN) increases the chances of utilizing both inpatient and outpatient services. There has been a decrease in ownership of health insurance due to an increase in the economic status of people with disabilities (propoor). On the contrary, there is a trend of increasing use of health insurance towards increasing the economic status of families of people with disabilities (prorich).
Utilization of health services have an influence in improving the healthstatus of the elderly. The number of elderly people in Indonesia in 2012 is the fifthlargest in the world and when compared with 1990 that number is projected to beincreased 414% by the year 2025, but the level of utilization of health services inthe Indonesian elderly is the lowest among Southeast Asian countries, while themorbidity of elderly in 2005 is 29.98% and increased in 2007 which reached31.11%.This study is a secondary data analysis of Susenas Panel in 2012 which isa quantitative study with cross-sectional design and the use of chi square test. Thisstudy aims to look at the determinant related to the utilization of health services inoutpatient (RJTP / RJTL) and hospitalization in the sick elderly in Indonesia. Theunit of analysis is the elderly aged ≥ 60 years who had health complaintsThe analysis showed that the utilization of health services is very low inthe sick elderly because still many elderly with health complaints but does notutilize health services (unmet need), factors related to the utilization of outpatienthealth services first level (RJTP): education, ownership health insurance,economic status, variable urban / rural, impaired activity; while in outpatientsettings (RJTL) ie: marital status, education, occupation, ownership healthinsurance, economic status, urban / rural and impaired activity; in the facility ofhospitalization (ranap): education, ownership health insurance, economic status,impaired activity.Suggestions of this study is to increase the utilization of health services atthe health center, it is expected that continuous socialization to the communityabout the importance of elderly health maintenance, improving access to healthcare information for the elderly, encourage the Central and Local Government toprovide budget support in providing health care facilities in accordance with theconditions of the elderly such as home care service, add and strengthend theequity of health personnel trained in handling elderly, expanding health insurancecoverage that ensures the entire cost of treatment of the elderly including elderlywith multipatologis case, encourage central and regional government to socializethe doctors at first level health services such as health centers, physician practices,so that the health personel at the first level better understand the concept andapplication of the Social Security System.Key words :Utilization of health services, unmet need, Susenas Panel 2012
Health insurance is one of the factors that can influence individuals in utilizing health services. Aceh was the province with the highest health insurance coverage. Despite the high rate of health insurance ownership, the utilization of health services in Aceh has not been optimal. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between health insurance and utilization of formal outpatient facilities in the community in Aceh Province. This study was an observational study with a cross sectional design and uses a quantitative approach. The data source used was the 2020 National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas) data for the Aceh Province region with a sample size of 4,204 respondents. The results showed that only 16.8% of Acehnese people utilized formal outpatient facilities. Respondents who utilized formal outpatient facilities the most were in the elderly (25.0%), female (19.1%), low education status (17.9%), married (19.0%), employed (18.6%), and rural (18.4%). There was a significant association between having health insurance (p value = 0.041, OR = 2.112) and utilization of formal outpatient facilities. The ownership of BPJS PBI health insurance has been very influential to increase utilization of formal outpatient facilities. Therefore, the results of this study suggested that BPJS Kesehatan & the Health Office to remain consistent in intensifying the Universal Health Coverage program, especially for people with low socioeconomic status, can increase promotion and socialization of the benefits of having health insurance, how to use health insurance, and the benefits received are equally fair. This study also suggested to improve equity of access, distribution of health services and health workers competencies in various regions to support quality of care especially at primarycare level as gatekeepers
Indonesia telah menjadi pelopor dalam pengelolaan program jaminan kesehatan sosial (JKN) terbesar di dunia. Program ini diinisiasi sejak tahun 2011 berdasarkan Undang-Undang No 40 tahun 2004 tentang Sistem Jaminan Sosial Nasional dengan pencapaian kepesertaan JKN sebesar 96% terhadap jumlah penduduk pada Desember 2023. Cakupan kesehatan semesta sebagai salah satu upaya dalam program JKN tidak hanya berkaitan dengan kepesertaan, tetapi juga mencakup manfaat yang diterima serta mekanisme pembiayaannya. Ekuitas sebagai salah satu asas dalam memenuhi persyaratan Universal Health Coverage (UHC) masih menjadi masalah dalam pelaksanaan program JKN ini, hal ini terlihat dari data grafik yang dianalisa oleh Ascobat Gani pada tahun 2019 bahwa masih terjadi disparitas yang sangat signifikan antara wilayah propinsi di Indonesia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk melakukan analisis terhadap faktor dari sisi penyedia atau supply side yang mempengaruhi terjadinya disparitas pemanfaatan layanan kesehatan pada fasilitas kesehatan tingkat pertama program JKN. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder BPJS Kesehatan, dan data publikasi dari Kementrian Keuangan dan Kemntrian Dalam Negeri serta Badan Pusat Statistik. Data dianalisis secara univariat, bivariat, dan multivariat dengan menggunakan metode regresi linier berganda. Secara statistik, pemanfaatan layanan kesehatan ditingkat pertama dipengaruhi sebesar 30% oleh kondisi geografis melalui alat ukur status keterpencilan Desa melalui variabel Skor Indeks Desa Membangun (IDM), dan kondisi sosioekonomi melalui alat ukur kapasitas fiskal dan persentase Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) terhadap APBD kabupaten dan kota. Skor IDM dan Persentase PAD terhadap APBD secara signifikan berpengaruh positif sedangkan rasio kapasitas fiskal daerah secara signifikan berpengaruh negatif dengan nilai signifikansi P < 0,05 terhadap kontak rate kunjungan rawat jalan tingkat pertama
Indonesia has become a pioneer in managing the largest social health insurance (JKN) program in the world. This program was initiated in 2011 based on Law No. 40 of 2004 concerning the National Social Security System with the achievement of JKN membership of 96% of the total population in December 2023. Universal health coverage as one of the efforts in the JKN program is not only related to membership, but also includes the benefits received and the financing mechanism. Equity as one of the principles in fulfilling Universal Health Coverage (UHC) requirements is still a problem in the implementation of the JKN program. This can be seen from graphic data analyzed by Ascobat Gani in 2019 that there are still very significant disparities between provincial regions in Indonesia. The aim of this research is to conduct an analysis of factors from the provider side or supply side that influence disparities in health service utilization in first level health facilities of the JKN program. This research uses secondary data from BPJS Kesehatan, and published data from the Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Home Affairs as well as the Central Statistics Agency. Data were analyzed univariately, bivariately and multivariately using multiple linear regression methods. Statistically, the utilization of health services at the first level is influenced by 30% by geographical conditions through measuring village remoteness status through the Village Development Index Score (IDM) variable, and socio-economic conditions through measuring fiscal capacity and the percentage of Regional Original Income (PAD) to the district APBD and city. The IDM score and the percentage of PAD to APBD have a significant positive effect, while the regional fiscal capacity ratio has a significant negative effect with a significance value of P < 0.05 on the contact rate of first level outpatient visits.
