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Pneumonia is the leading killer of babies in the world, more than other diseases such as AIDS, malaria and measles. Household Health Survey (SKRT) 1992, 1995, 2001 showed that pneumonia is the biggest contributor to the death of infants and toddlers. Based Riskesdas 2007 report, citing the prevalence of pneumonia in the Municipality based on the diagnosis of health workers and complaints rtesponden 1.67%.
Stunting is a malnutrition that is still a public health problem in Indonesia and causes various adverse effects on children's health. Besides caused by a chronic lack of nutrition, stunting can also be caused by recurrent of infectious diseases. Efforts to prevent infectious diseases, such as immunization, will play a role in increasing child growth, especially in developing countries. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between basic immunization status and the incidence of stunting in toddlers in Indonesia. This study used a cross-sectional study design using secondary data from SSGI 2021. The inclusion criteria for this study were that toddlers were aged 12–59 months at the time of data collection, their height was measured, were not experiencing severe or chronic illness, and had complete variable data. A total of 70,267 toddlers met the inclusion criteria, and all were taken as research samples. Data analysis was performed using the Cox regression to obtain a prevalence ratio (PR) with 95% of confidence interval. This study shows that the prevalence of stunting among children aged 12–59 months in Indonesia is 23.1%, and the proportion of children under five who have complete basic immunization status is 74.92%. The results of the multivariate analysis showed that basic immunization status had a statistically significant association with the incidence of stunting. Toddlers with incomplete basic immunization status are at risk 1.19 times higher for stunting compared to toddlers with complete basic immunization status [adjusted PR 1.19 (95% CI 1.15–1.23)]. Toddlers who are not immunized at all have an even higher risk of experiencing stunting, which is 1.27 times higher compared to toddlers with complete basic immunization status [adjusted PR 1.27 (95% CI 1.15–1.39)], after controlling for variables such as the mother's education, economic status, and the child's birth weight. Efforts are needed to complete the child's immunization status on time according to schedule and increase the mother's knowledge regarding the use of health services, the fulfillment of toddler nutrition, and the stimulation of child growth and development.
Pendahuluan. Indonesia masih menempati urutan ketiga sebagai negara yang memiliki jumlah kasus TB Paru terbesar setelah India dan China sampai akhir peride tahun 2007. Default merupakan salah satu penyebab terjadinya kegagalan pengobatan yang berpotensi meningkatkan kemungkinan terjadinya resistensi terhadap obat anti TBC. Efek samping obat anti tuberkulosis (OAT) diketahui merupakan salah satu fakor risiko terjadinya default. Meskipun pada beberapa penelitian efek samping OAT telah terbukti meningkatkan risiko terjadinya default, namun masih perlu dilakukan penelitian lain pada populasi yang berbeda, yaitu populasi perkotaan (rural) disalah satu rumah sakit swasta (RS Islam Pondok Kopi) di Jakarta Timur. Tujuan Penelitian. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah diketahuinya seberapa besar pengaruh efek samping Obat Anti Tuberkulosis (OAT) terhadap kejadian default setelah dilakukan pengontrolan terhadap faktor jenis kelamin, umur, pendidikan, pekerjaan, status pernikahan, riwayat pengobatan sebelumnya, penyakit penyerta, jenis obat, cara ambil obat, keberadaan PMO, jenis PMO, pendidikan PMO, pembiayaan kesehatan, jarak ke pelayanan kesehatan, penyuluhan kesehatan dan jumlah penyuluhan di Rumah Sakit Islam Pondok Kopi Jakarta Timur periode Januari 2008 – Mei 2010. Metode Penelitian. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah kasus kontrol dengan penggunaan data rekam medik. Populasi sumber penelitian ini adalah semua penderita TB Paru dewasa (umur > 15th) yang telah selesai menjalani pengobatan TB Paru dari tanggal 01 Januari 2008 sampai 31 Mei 2010 di poliklinik paru RS Islam Pondok Kopi Jakarta Timur. Sampel penelitian adalah sejumlah penderita TB Paru dewasa (umur > 15th) yang telah selesai menjalani pengobatan TB Paru kategori-1 atau kategori-2 dari tanggal 01 Januari 2008 sampai 31 Mei 2010 di poliklinik paru RS Islam Pondok Kopi Jakarta Timur. Kasus didefinisikan sebagai penderita TB Paru yang tidak datang berobat dua bulan atau lebih, sedangkan kontrol adalah penderita TB Paru yang rutin berobat. Jumlah sampel adalah 168 orang, terdiri dari 84 kasus dan 84 kontrol. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah regresi logistik. Hasil Penelitian. Pada akhir analisis multivariat diketahui bahwa pasien yang mempunyai keluhan efek samping OAT berisiko sebesar 4,07 kali untuk default dibandingkan pasien yang tidak mempunyai keluhan OAT (OR =4,07, 95% CI: 1,64 – 10,07). Diketahui juga terdapat beberapa faktor risiko lain yang berpengaruh sebagai konfounder terhadap hubungan antara efek samping OAT dengan terjadinya default tersebut yaitu penyakit penyerta, jenis obat dan cara bayar. Kesimpulan. Efek samping OAT berpengaruh terhadap kerjadian default di RS Islam Pondok Kopi Jakarta Timur selama periode Januari 2008 – Mei 2010. Kata kunci: efek samping OAT, default.
Introduction. In 2007 Indonesia has the largest number of pulmonary tuberculosis cases in the wolrd after India and China. Default was noted as one of the risk factors that related to treatment failure. The side effect of anti tuberculosis has defined as a reason of occurance of default. Some previous studies with the same topic found that the side effect of anti tuberculosis increase the risk of default, somehow research with difference population is still required, such as this study implemented in an urban population by using hospital based at a private hospital located in Jakarta Timur named Pondok Kopi Islamic Hospital. Objective. To investigate the risk of default caused by the side effect of anti tuberculosis after controlling for sex, age, education, occupation, marital status, history of previous treatment, compilcations, kind of medicines, the way to get medicines, availbility of supervisor treatment, type of supervisor treatment, education of supervisor treatment, health financing, distance to the health center,health education recived, frequency of health education recieved at Pondok Kopi Islamic Hospital period January 2008 – May 2010. Methodology. This research is an observational study with design case control using data from medical record at Pondok Kopi Islamic Hospital. The population was defined as all adult pulmonary tuberculosis patient age > 15 years old who has completed the treatment during period 01 January 2008 until 31 May 2010 at Pondok Kopi Islamic Hospital. Sample were a number of adult pulmonary tuberculosis patient age > 15 years old who has completed the treatment category 1 or category 2 during period 01 January 2008 until 31 May 2010 at Pondok Kopi Islamic Hospital. Cases (default) were defined as the pulmonary tuberculosis patients who didn’t take their anti tuberculosis for 2 month or more at DOTS center Pondok Kopi Islamic Hospital period 01 January 2008 until 31 May 2010 while controls (non default) were defined as the pulmonary tuberculosis patients who take their anti tuberculosis regularly at DOTS center Pondok Kopi Islamic Hospital period 01 January 2008 until 31 May 2010. The total sample was 168 patients consist of 84 cases and 84 controls. Data was analyzed by using logistic regression method. Result. on Multivariate analysis was showed that the patient who has side effect of anti tuberculosis risk default 4,07 higher than patient who has not side effect of anti tuberculosis (OR=4,07, 95% CI: 1,64-10,07) after controlling for diseases complication, kind of medicines, the payment method. Conclusion. The side effect of anti tuberculosis was associated with increasing the risk of default pulmonary tuberculosis treatment at Pondok Kopi Islamic Hospital period January 2008-May 2010. Key words: side effect anti tuberculosis, default.
