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Pneumonia merupakan penyebab kematian terbesar pada anak di seluruh dunia. Setiap tahunnya diestimasikan sekitar 18% kematian anak di bawah usia 5 tahun di seluruh dunia disebabkan oleh pneumonia. Faktor risiko pasti yang berkontribusi diantaranya yaitu balita yang tidak mendapatkan ASI eksklusif.
Tujuan studi ini untuk mengetahui hubungan pemberian ASI eksklusif terhadap kejadian pneumonia balita usia 12 -23 bulan setelah dikontrol terhadap confounder. Studi kasus kontrol ini dilakukan di tiga wilayah puskesmas Kota Cimahi berdasarkan angka insidens kasus pneumonia balita yang tertinggi di tahun 2012. Kasus adalah balita usia 12 - 23 bulan yang berkunjung ke sarana puskesmas penelitian periode Januari - Desember 2012 dan didiagnosa sebagai kasus pneumonia. Kontrol merupakan tetangga dari kasus, dengan perbandingan jumlah kasus dan kontrol yaitu 1:1. Besar sampel minimal sebanyak 133 untuk masing - masing kelompok. Analisis multivariat dengan menggunakan regresi logistik. Besar asosiasi balita yang tidak mendapat ASI eksklusif memiliki OR untuk terjadinya pneumonia sebesar 3,58 kali (95% CI: 2,08 - 6,19) dibandingkan yang mendapat ASI eksklusif setelah dikontrol terhadap confounder.
Penelitian ini memperkuat penelitian terdahulu yang membuktikan kekuatan hubungan pemberian ASI eksklusif terhadap kejadian pneumonia pada balita. Berfokus pada daerah dengan angka insiden kasus penumonia yang tinggi, pihak dinas kesehatan dan puskesmas dapat lebih meningkatkan upaya promosi dan fasilitasi ASI eksklusif, menciptakan kawasan tanpa asap rokok di tingkat rumah tangga, pengurangan adanya paparan asap pembakaran di dalam rumah, peningkatan pengetahuan ibu berkaitan faktor risiko pneumonia.
Pneumonia is the biggest cause of death in children worldwide. Each year approximately 18% of estimated deaths of children under five worldwide are caused by pneumonia. Definite risk factors that contribute to them are children under five who are not exclusively breastfed.
The purpose of this study to determine the relationship of exclusive breastfeeding on the incidence of pneumonia children under five age 12 -23 months after controlling for confounders.Case-control study was conducted in three areas of public health centers Cimahi City based incidence rates were highest children under five cases of pneumonia in 2012. Cases were children aged 12-23 months who visited the research public health centers means the period of January to December 2012 and was diagnosed as a case of pneumonia. Control is a neighbor of the case, the ratio of the number of cases and controls is 1:1. Minimum sample size for each of as many as 133 - each group. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression. Major association children under five who are not exclusively breastfed for the occurrence of pneumonia had an OR of 3.58 (95% CI: 2.08 to 6.19) than those who are breastfed exclusively after controlling for confounders.
This study reinforces previous research that proves the strength of association of exclusive breastfeeding on the incidence of pneumonia in infants. Focusing on areas with a number of high incidence of cases of pneumonia, the health department and public health center could further enhance the promotion and facilitation of exclusive breastfeeding, creating a smoke-free area at the household level, reduction in exposure to combustion fumes in the house, increasing maternal knowledge of risk factors associated pneumonia.
Stunting is a public health problem that needs to be addressed both in Indonesia and the World. The real impact of this problem is hampered motor development, mental growth and increased risk of morbidity and death. One of the risk factors for stunting in children is the lack of nutritional intake of infants, especially exclusive breastfeeding. This study aims to determine the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding with stunting in toddlers aged 12-36 months in Tamansari sub-district, Bogor district, 2019. The research design used was cross-sectional using primary data. The sample in this study amounted to 500 toddlers obtained by Proportional Random Sampling. This research was conducted in July 2019. Data collection was carried out by measuring height, body length, interviews with questionnaires and food recall. Stunting status was assessed based on the TB / U indicator <-2 z-score. The analysis used in this study uses multivariate cox regression analysis and the magnitude of the effect is expressed in the prevalence ratio (PR) with a 95% confident interval (CI). The results showed that the prevalence of stunting in toddlers aged 12-36 months in Tamansari sub-district, Bogor district in 2019 was 39.2%. The results of multivariate analysis showed that toddlers who were not given exclusive breastfeeding had a chance of 1.37 (95% CI: 1.03-1.83) times stunting compared to toddlers who were given exclusive breastfeeding after being controlled by maternal education and toddler calorie intake. It is necessary to improve maternal education at least high school and to provide toddlers food intake that is high in energy and protein and affordable by the community.
ABSTRACT
Kata Kunci : ASI eksklusif, gizi buruk (BB/U), anak usia 6-35 bulan
Indonesia has a nutritional problem is characterized by the magnitude of theprevalence of malnutrition among children under five. Malnutrition in childrenfrom birth to age three years will greatly affect the growth and development ofglial cells and brain myelination process, and therefore contributes to the qualityof his brain. In Karawang district proportion malnutrition (weight / age) infantsweighing in July 2013 was approximately 0.4 % , and 35.76 % of that number ischildren aged 6-35 months. The purpose of this study was to determine therelation of exclusive breastfeeding history with severe malnutrition status(weight/age) children aged 6-35 months in Karawang district in 2013 after beingcontrolled by the variable birth weight, child 's health status, dietary intake,maternal education, knowledge mother, maternal employment status, familyincome, number of family members and liveliness visit the neighborhood healthcenter. This study was conducted in August 2013 in Karawang district using case-control design. Cases were children aged 6-35 months in Karawang measuredweight on the weighing in July 2013 and have severe nutritional status (weight /age) and controls were children aged 6-35 months in Karawang measured weightonthe weighing in July 2013 and had a good nutritional status. In this study a totalsample of 276 (138 cases and 138 controls). Data were analyzed by multiplelogistic regression. The results showed a relation of exclusive breastfeedinghistory with severe malnutrition status (weight/age) children aged 6-35 months inKarawang districtin 2013. Children aged 6-35 months who had a history ofexclusive breastfeeding risk 0.26 times (95% CI 0,12-0,55) exposed to severemalnutrition (weight/age) compared with no history of exclusive breastfeedingafter controlled by food intake, maternal knowledge, and liveliness visit theneighborhood health center. History of exclusive breastfeeding decrease the riskof severe malnutrition (weight/age) in children aged 6-35 months in Karawangdistrict in 2013 by 74%.Efforts to prevent malnutrition in infants one of which isthe exclusive breastfeeding.Necessary of increases the health promotion ofexclusive breastfeeding with good and correct way to the target group effectivelyin order to get a good nutritional status.
Keyword : Exclusive breastfeeding, severe malnutrition status, childrenaged 6-35 months
Stunting is a public health problem that needs to be addressed both in Indonesia and the World. The real impact of this problem is hampered motor development, mental growth and increased risk of morbidity and death. One of the risk factors for stunting in children is the lack of nutritional intake of infants, especially exclusive breastfeeding. This study aims to determine the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding with stunting in toddlers aged 12-36 months in Tamansari sub-district, Bogor district, 2019. The research design used was cross-sectional using primary data. The sample in this study amounted to 500 toddlers obtained by Proportional Random Sampling. This research was conducted in July 2019. Data collection was carried out by measuring height, body length, interviews with questionnaires and food recall. Stunting status was assessed based on the TB / U indicator <-2 z-score. The analysis used in this study uses multivariate cox regression analysis and the magnitude of the effect is expressed in the prevalence ratio (PR) with a 95% confident interval (CI). The results showed that the prevalence of stunting in toddlers aged 12-36 months in Tamansari sub-district, Bogor district in 2019 was 39.2%. The results of multivariate analysis showed that toddlers who were not given exclusive breastfeeding had a chance of 1.37 (95% CI: 1.03-1.83) times stunting compared to toddlers who were given exclusive breastfeeding after being controlled by maternal education and toddler calorie intake. It is necessary to improve maternal education at least high school and to provide toddlers food intake that is high in energy and protein and affordable by the community.
Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain kasus kontrol. Besar sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 121 responden dengan jumlah kasus 31 responden dan kontrol 90 responden. Penelitian ini dilakukan oleh Tim dari mahasiswa FETP FKM UI dan Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Garut yang dilaksanakan tanggal 6 9 Februari 2018 di 13 Puskesmas yang dilaporkan adanya kasus. Analisis data dilakukan dengan uji resgresi logistic untuk melihat nilai odds ratio menggunakan stata versi 14,2 di Laboratorium Komputer FKM UI.
Hasil: Pola KLB merupakan propagated epidemic yang terjadi pada umur 1 Tahun 71 Tahun. Kasus Primer terjadi pada minggu 48 Tahun 2017. Analisis multivariat fit model menunjukan status imunisasi berhubungan dengan kejadian difteri (Pvalue = 0,036; OR=3,5; 95% CI = 1,08-11,10) dan riwayat perjalanan berhubungan dengan kejadian difteri (Pvalue = 0,000; OR = 5,4; 95% CI = 2,08-13,93). Efikasi vaksin DPT, DT, Td sebesar 71,4%.
Kesimpulan dan saran: Telah terjadi penularan penyakit dari orang ke orang. Indeks case dan sumber penularan tidak diketahui karena mobilitas penduduk yang tinggi. Ada hubungan bermakna antara status imunisasi dan riwayat perjalanan dengan kejadian difteri. Disarankan kepada Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Garut agar dapat Meningkatkan Kwalitas dan cakupan imunisasi DPT, DT, Td, Meningkatkan perbaikan pencatatan imunisasi dengan tertib, dan Meningkatkan koordinasi pelaporan dalam penemuan kasus baru dan karier
