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Penyakit antraks atau yang sering dikenal juga sebagai penyakit radang limpa, radang kura, miltbrand, miltvuur atau splenic fever merupakan salah satu zoonosis utama di hampir seluruh negara di dunia. Berdasarkan gejala klinis yang ditimbulkan, dikenal 3 tipe penyakit antraks yaitu antraks tipe kulit atau cutaneus anthrax, antraks tipe pencernaan atau gastrointestinal anthrax dan antraks tipe pernapasan atau pulmonary anthrax. Setiap tahun diperkirakan terjadi sekitar 2,000 - 20.000 kasus antraks pada manusia secara global di seluruh dunia dan sebagian besar merupakan antraks tipe kulit. Penyakit antraks tipe kulit mencapai 90% dari seluruh kejadian infeksi antraks di seluruh dunia. Di Indonesia selama periode tahun 2002-2006 ditemukan 282 kasus antraks pada manusia dengan kematian 20 kasus, Laporan Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Bogor menyebutkan selama periode tahun 2001 hingga tahun 2007 di Kabupaten Bogor pada manusia telah terjadi 97 kasus penyakit antraks dengan kematian mencapai 8 .orang atau CFR yang mencapai 8,2%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui berbagai faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan kejadian penyakit antraks tipe kulit pada manusia di Kabupaten Bogor. Desain yang dirancang untuk mencapai tujuan penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian epidemiologi observasional kasus kontrol. Kasus dalam penelitian diambil dari catatan penderita penyakit antraks tipe kulit di Puskesmas dan dinyatakan positif terinfeksi bakteri antraks berdasarkan pemeriksaan serologis Laboratorium Balivet Bogor. Kontrol diperoleh dari penduduk Kabupaten Bogor yang tinggal pada Rukun Tetangga (RT) yang sama dengan orang yang didiagnosis sebagai penderita penyakit antraks tipe kulit dan tidak menunjukkan gejala-gejala klinis penyakit antraks tipe kulit. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara terstruktur dan observasi yang dilakukan oleh peneliti sendiri dibantu oleh Staf Puskesmas Kabupaten Bogor. Analisis data melalui tiga tahapan yaitu univariat untuk analisis distribusi frekuensi, biavariat dengan uji Chi-square, serta analisis muitivariat dengan pendekatan regresi logistik model prediksi. Seluruh analisis diproses dengan menggunakan software SPSS 13,0 dan SAS 9,1. Faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan penyakit antraks tipe kullt adalah memegang hewan rentan yang memiliki OR=6,648 (95% CI=2,914-15,167) dan variabel menangani daging yang memiliki OR=5,318 (95% CI: 1,801-15,702). Logit kejadian penyakit antraks tipe kufit = -0.1857 + 0,9472 memegang hewan rentan + O,8355 menangani daging. Berdasarkan penelitian ini disarankan agar masyarakat yang memegang temak atau menangani daging yang berasal dari daerah 'endemis diharapkan memproteksi dirinya dengan menggunakan alat pelindung seperti sarung tangan dan sepatu boot. Perlu disosialisasikan kepada masyarakat mengenai gejala dan akibat yang ditimbulkan dari penyakit antraks pada hewan. Selain itu, kepada pemilik hewan ternak tidak diperbolehkan memotong paksa hewan ternak yang sakit karena dapat menyebarkan kuman antraks. Upaya meminimalisasi kontak antara masyarakat dengan hewan ternak rentan dapat diupayakan dengan melakukan restrukturisasi peternakan dengan memisahkan kawasan pemukiman dan kawasan sentra peternakan.
Anthrax disease or well known as spleenitis, kura inflammation, miltbrand, miltvuur or spleenic fever is one of important zoonotic disease in almost the entire country of the world. Based on clinical signs was emerged, it famed 3 types of anthrax disease namely skin type or cutaneous anthrax, digestive type or gastrointestinal anthrax and respiratory type or pulmonary anthrax. Every year 2000 - 20000 cases of anthrax disease were occurred in human in entire world and most of parts are skin type or cutaneous anthrax, Skin type of anthrax disease was reached 90% from entire infection of anthrax in the world, In Indonesia for along 2002-2006 periods has found 282 cases of anthrax in human with 20 cases death. Health Service Bogor District reported that along period 2001-2007 in Bogor District occurred 97 human cases of anthrax disease with 8 death or CFR 8.2%. This research is aim to know several of risk factors which are related with occurrence of skin type of anthrax disease in Bogor district for 2003 - 2007.. The research was designed to reach out for the goal of this research is use case Control epidemiological research design. Case of this research is taken from victim of skin type of anthrax disease record in Puskesmas (Center for Health Services) and clarified as positive infected by anthrax bacterial based on laboratory serological examination in Balitvet Bogar. Control is taken from inhabitant in Bogor district which are live in the same area with people who is diagnose as a victim of skin type of anthrax disease and do not showed clinical signs of skin type of anthrax disease. Data collection is done through by structured interview and observation which is doing by researcher itself and assisted by Puskesmas Staff in Bogor District. Analysis data is done trough three steps that are univariate for analysis of frequency distribution, bivariate with Chi-square and also multivariate analysis with prediction model of logistic regression approaches. All analysis processed by SPSS 13.0 and SAS 9.1 The risk factors which are related with occurrence of skin type of anthrax disease are holding susceptible animal with OR=6.648 (9S% CI=2.914-15.l67) and variable of meat handling with OR=5.318 (95% CI= 1.801 -15.702). Logit of occurrence of skin type of anthrax disease = -0.1857 + 0.9472 holding susceptible animal + 0.8355 meat handling. According to this research is suggested in order that societies who are hold their livestock or handled the meat which come from endemic area is able to protect them with coverall such as glove and boot. It is necessary to socialize the societies about clinical signs and the consequences from anthrax disease in animals. Beside that. the livestock owners have not allowed to slaughter by forced sick animals since it will be able to spread anthrax organism. Minimalism contact between society and susceptible animals can be done by restructures of animal husbandry and separated the settlement area from central of animal husbandry area as efforts.
Measles is one of the leading causes of death among children although safe and cost-effective vaccines are available. By 2015, there are 134 200 deaths from global measles and about 367 deaths every day or 15 deaths every hour. Measles Vaccination resulted in a 79% reduction in measles deaths between 2000 and 2015 worldwide. Despite reaching the target of more than 90% coverage of measles immunization in Cigudeg and Ciampea villages, there is still an extraordinary incidence of measles in these two villages by 2016. This study aims to determine the risk factors associated with measles incidence in the extraordinary incidence of measles in villages of Cigudeg and Ciampea Bogor Regency in 2016. The study design using case control study with a ratio of 1: 3 resulted in a sample consisting of 36 cases and 108 controls with a strength of 80% test having 95% confidence degree. The result of the analysis by using logistic regression was found that the risk factors associated with measles incidence in measles outbreaks in Villages Cigudeg and Ciampea Bogor Regency in 2016 were significantly immunized (OR = 3.44; 95% CI: 1.09 - P = 0,034), air ventilation area (OR = 4,7; 95% CI: 1.47 - 15.39: P value = 0.009) and contact history (OR = 28.6; 95% CI 9.06 - 90.42; P value = 0.000). Measles immunization coverage in villages Cigudeg and Ciampea has reached more than 90%, but not yet able to make the village has a group immunity against measles, so the need for further studies or research on it. Keywords: Measles, Outbreak, Immunization, Bogor District.
Kata kunci: Skizofrenia, kasus kontrol, Kabupaten Bogor
Schizophrenia is a a chronic and severe mental disorder that affects thinking, feeling, and behavior of a person. In Indonesia, the prevalence of schizophrenia is 1.7 per 1,000 populations. The number of visits of mental disorders in puskesmas of Bogor Regency has increased significantly from 1,648 to 13,390 in 2013-14. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with schizophrenia in Bogor Regency 2017. An unmatched case-control was conducted in 63 health centers of Bogor regency from May-June 2017. Cases were schizophrenic patient aged 15-50 years diagnosed by physicians/specialists and recorded in the register of Bogor district health centers in 2017. Controls were the healthy people aged 15-50 and domiciled in Bogor Regency. A total of 229 cases and 229 controls were selected by multistage sampling technique. Probability proportional to size was usedto determine the number of samples from each puskesmas. A pre-tested semi structured questionnaires was used to collect relevant data from controls and one of the family members of cases. Chi square test and multivariate logistic regression were applied for data analysis. Folowing factors were associated with schizophrenia: male gender (AdjOR: 11.68; 95% CI: 4.96 -27.50), family history of schizophrenia (AdjOR: 4.02; 95 %CI: 1,90-8,48), basic education (AdjOR: 30.63; 95%CI: 4.21-222.81), secondary education (AdjOR: 25.35; 95% CI: 3.51-182.90), unemployed (AdjOR: 5.6; 95 %CI 2,52-12,45), unmarried (AdjOR: 10,20; 95%CI 2,52-12,45), problems in the family (AdjOR: 4.93; 95%CI 2.43-9.99) and problems at work / school (AdjOR: 32.60; 95%CI 7.29 - 145.76). In the study setting, biological (male and family history of schizophrenia),sociodemographic (low level of education, unemployment and unmarried) and environmental factors (problems in family, workplaceor school) were associated with schizophrenia. Prospective analytical studies are needed to further explore these associations.
Keywords: Schizophrenia, case control, Bogor district
