ABSTRAK Malaria is a main public health problem in 109 countries and approximately 14 million people live in malaria endemic provinces in Afghanistan. This study is aimed to identify the independent predictors influencing the use of bed nets and determine the bed net coverage through a cross-sectional study with sample size of 171 households in Badakhshan province of Afghanistan. The result indicated that source of health education, number of rooms, locality of households and reading ability are the significant predictors associated with use of bed net and the coverage of bed net was 18.8% among surveyed population. As a conclusion, the big proportion of people who reported the habit of sleeping under bed net, were the respondents who received malaria related health messages from (TV, radio, newspapers, workplace and mosque), lived in urban area, owned less number of rooms and were able to read.

ABSTRACT Objective of the study to identify Social and drug related factors associated with injecting drug use among drug users? in Jakarta. Method the design of the study was cross sectional total respondents were 135 drug users (72 IDUs and 63 None-IDUs) personal, family Social factors, and drug related factors are included in the analysis. Result Multivariate analysis showed that student are at low risk (AOR=0.09) of using injection than those who are working, also those whose family don?t know about his/her drug using habit are at low risk (AOR=0.07) of injection than those whose family member aware, and those who use tranquilizer as first drug are at higher risk (AOR=3.89) of using injection than who use marijuana. Conclusion Primary prevention activities focusing on improving social conditions, controlling black market of tranquilizers and improving family knowledge and skills to detect drug use in family as early as possible would help drug users to prevent them from indulging in injecting drug use, according to this study job, family and type of drug should be considered in the designing and planning of addicts? treatment and harm reduction activities.

Compliance of TB patients with anti TB drugs treatment is a universally recognized problem specially in asian developing countries which results at the consequences of the TB treatment compliances, today there are TB cases defaulters,relapses and MDRTB which is mostly occurring in all over the world due to deferent reasons of the compliances, and Afghanistan is one of the 22nd highest TB burden country in the world. The main problem of TB treatment compliance in Afghanistan can be explain at two aspects: First there would be a high prevalence of TB positivity in country level because of inaccessibility to the health services In the rural areas due to war and low security, second behavioral changes and lack of knowledge of the community about the disease and wrong beliefs and perceptions, socioeconomic factors, socio demographic factors and socio psychological factors, all these factors could be determined and influence the compliance of TB patients among the TB patients in the country. Objective To determine what factors associated and influenced the compliance of TB patients with anti TB Anti TB drugs treatment in Kandahar Afghanistan. Materials and methods It was descriptive study, the study was including 243 TB patients participated 79 TB patients interviewed with well structured questionnaire. Results TB patients as much as 58.23 % was not good compliance of their anti TB treatment and 41.77% was good compliance of their anti TB treatment, and the compliance rate was higher among those patients who were not good compaliance, how ever from small sample size statistic could not detect any significant association. Conclussion The high prevalence of TB cases in the country and high level of compliance of TB patients among the TB confirm patients with the factors influencing the compliance of the treatment is essential to control and take measure immediately, the evidence strengthen the need of collaboration to change the behavior of the community properly for ten agers and activate the education and the result attract to focus more and pay attention on the factors influencing the compliance specially for those who have no any access to the health services to satisfy and encourage them for their regular anti TB treatment therapy.

Drug users in Indonesia are threatened by many health and social challenges of which HIV, HBV and HCV are dominant and hence the utilization of health services is vital for them. This study was aimed to determine the individual factors that influence the health service utilization among drug users in west Java (Bandung), Indonesia. We used secondary data from the National Drug Survey Indonesia 2008, with a sample size of 130 drug users. The individual determinant of health service utilization were studied in three categories, predisposing, enabling and need factors we found that living with parents, drug overdose, respiratory and miscellaneous symptoms were significantly associated with health service utilization. Those living with parents were more likely to use health services than those living with others. Those who had Digestive and Miscellaneous symptoms and did not experience drug overdose were also more likely to use health service utilization. We did not find any association among the predisposing factors and health service utilization among drug users.