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ABSTRAK
Latar belakang: Epidemi HIV secara global masih merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang serius. Pada tahun 2011 terdapat 2.5 juta (2.2 – 2.8 juta) kasus baru infeksi HIV di seluruh dunia, dengan kamatian karena AIDS mencapai 1.7 juta jiwa. Penularan infeksi HIV di Indonesia saat ini terutama melalui hubungan seks heteroseksual terutama terjadi dari WPS kepada pelanggan seks komersial, yaitu kelompok lelaki berperilaku risiko tinggi. Populasi ini merupakan jembatan penularan infeksi HIV (bridging population) dari populasi risiko tinggi ke populasi umum. Data menunjukkan jumlah laki-laki di Indonesia yang menjadi klien WPS lebih banyak dibandingkan pengguna napza suntik dan kelompok MSM (men who have sex with men). Prevalensi HIV pada kelompok LBT meningkat 7 kali lipat dari 0.1% (STBP 2007) menjadi 0.7% (STBP 2011). Keberadaan IMS meningkatkan kemudahan seseorang terkena infeksi HIV. Sebagian besar IMS akan menimbulkan peradangan dan kerusakan jaringan kulit/selaput lendir genital yang memudahkan masuknya HIV. Infeksi menular seksual dengan gejala ulkus genital, misalnya sifilis, menyebabkan kemudahan terkena infeksi HIV meningkat 4 – 6 kali. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat pengaruh faktor perilaku seks yang berhubungan dengan infeksi HIV dengan mempertimbangkan penyakit sifilis sebagai efek modifikasi, pada populasi LBT 12 kabupaten/kota di Indonesia.
Metode: cross sectional, analisis data hasil STBP 2011.
Hasil: Prevalensi HIV pada LBT sebesar 0.7%, LBT dengan perilaku seks berisiko rendah sebesar 91.5%. Perilaku seks risiko tinggi terdapat pada 6.6% LBT dan 1.9% di antaranya berperilaku seks risiko sedang. Prevalensi LBT yang mengaku setia pada pasangan sebesar 49.8%. Kejadian infeksi HIV berhubungan secara signifikan dengan riwayat hubungan seks dengan WPS, setia pada pasangan, jumlah WPS dalam 1 tahun terakhir, penggunaan napza suntik, serta keluhan IMS. Keberadaan sifilis tidak memodifikasi efek perilaku seks terhadap infeksi HIV, karena kejadiannya kecil. Pada analisis multivariat didapat perilaku seks yang berisiko untuk tertular HIV adalah pernah berhubungan dengan WPS memiliki risiko tertular HIV dengan OR 2.113(0.883-5.052) dan pernah berhubungan dengan casual partner memiliki OR sebesar 1.347(0.506-3.589) setelah dikontrol dengan variabel penggunaan napza suntik dan keluhan IMS.
ABSTRACT
Background: Global HIV epidemic still reveal serious public health issue. In 2011 there was 2.5 million (2.2 – 2.8 million) HIV new cases worldwide with mortality reach 1.7 million people. Heterosexual transmission of HIV in Indonesia mainly occurs from FSW to their clients, which is identifying as high risk men (HRM). HRM population is HIV transmission bridging population from high to low risk population. Data shows FSW’s clients amounted much more than the IDUs or MSM. HIV prevalence in HRM had been increased 7 times from 0.1% (IBBS 2007) to 0.7% (IBBS 2011). The presence of STD increases risk of HIV infection, so that STD is believed as HIV infection cofactor. Most STD caused inflammation and genital mucosa/skin damage which make HIV infection easier. Genital ulcer disease, such as syphilis, raised HIV infection 4-6 times. This study aims to see sexual behavior effect on HIV infection with regard of syphilis as modification effect on HRM population in 12 districts in Indonesia.
Method: Cross sectional. The IBBS 2011 data analyses.
Result: HIV prevalence among HRM amounted 0.7%. Of 91.5% HRM have low risk of sexual behavior, 1.9% medium risk, and 6.6% experience high risk sexual behavior. 49.8% HRM was faithful. There was significant association between HIV infection and having sex with FSW, faithfulness, the amount of FSW in 1 year, injecting drug user, and the presence of STI symptoms. The presence of syphilis has not modified the association between sexual behavior and HIV infection, statistically. Multivariate analyses founded that having sex with FSW and/or casual partner were risky sexual behavior with OR of being infected by HIV were 2.113(0.883-5.052) and 1.347(0.506-3.589) respectively, after being controlled with variables injecting drug user and the presence of STI symptoms.
Prediabetes is a global public health issue. Prevalence of prediabetes isincreasing worldwide. Generally, it is high among adults and as a high risk statefor DM. Obesity has essential role in pathophysiology of prediabetes. This studyaimed to explore whether both of general obesity and abdominal obesity related toprediabetes on age group 20-65 years in Bogor tengah sub-district by familyhistory of DM, sex, age, smoking, hypertension, physical activity and stress. Thisstudy used the cross sectional design study with Cox Regression to multivariableanalysis. Data for this analysis were collected during the baseline stage of cohortstudy of risk factors of non-communicable disease in 2011-2012. There were3244 respondents from Bogor tengah were taken by random sample technique..The result indicated that obesity to prediabetes adjusted by age; general obesityalone PR 1,58 (95% CI: 1,17-2,15), abdominal obesity alone PR 1,45 (95% CI;1,19-1,87), general obesity and abdominal obesity jointly PR 1,92 (95% CI;1,62-2,28). Therefore, general obesity and abdominal obesity jointly contributedmost to the increase prevalence of prediabetes. Awareness raising and screeningof prediabetes of those at high risk group by assessing obesity by BMI and waistcircumference joinlty are essential to be considered as part of efforts for haltingthe epidemic of prediabetes in community.Keyword : general obesity, abdominal obesity, prediabetes.
Stroke is the third disease which often cause death in Indonesia. Prevalence of stroke in Indonesia from Riskesdas 2007 is 8,3 per 1000 person. Prevalence of stroke in Jakarta is still higher then national prevalence that is 12,5 per 1000 person and cause a lot of problems both in terms of social and economic. This research aims to identify different risk factors of ischemic and hemorragic stroke in inpatient of stroke at National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita 2012. The study was conducted by analyzing secondary data from patient medical record by using cross sectional study. Results showed that there were patients with ischemic stroke (10,4%) and hemorrhagic (89,6) with a characteristic age ≥62 years (51,5%), male (62%), low education (17,8%), smoking behaviour (37,4%), hypertension (81,6%) and diabetes (50,3%). Based on bivariate analysis, result shows that there is no statistical difference between risk factors and incidence of stroke, but the difference proportion of risk factors in ischemic stroke always greater than hemorrhagic stroke.
