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Maldistribusi tenaga kesehatan terutama di Daerah Tertinggal, Perbatasan dan Kepulauan (DTPK) menjadi perhatian dunia karena keengganan tenaga kesehatan untuk tinggal dan bekerja di DTPK. World Health Organization (WHO) merekomendasikan retensi tenaga kesehatan sebagai salah satu upaya untuk meningkatkan ketersediaan tenaga kesehatan di DTPK. Di dalam manajemen sumber daya manusia, retensi merupakan output pemeliharan sumber daya manusia (SDM), artinya bagaimana mempertahankan SDM yang kompeten untuk tetap bekerja dalam periode waktu yang maksimum. Salah satu cara yang dipakai untuk meretensi SDM adalah dengan pemberian insentif, baik berupa material maupun non material.
Penelitian ini dilakukan pada program penugasan khusus tenaga kesehatan di DTPK yang dilaksanakan pada bulan September 2011 di Kabupaten Keerom, Kabupaten Sarmi dan Kota Jayapura Provinsi Papua. Dalam penelitian ini data yang digunakan terdiri atas data primer dan data sekunder. Data primer diperoleh dengan melakukan wawancara mendalam terhadap berbagai informan yang kompeten yaitu dari Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi, Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten dan Pusat Perencanaan dan Pendayagunaan SDM Kesehatan Kementerian Kesehatan. Data sekunder menggunakan data hasil pemetaan tenaga kesehatan yang dilakukan oleh Pusat Perencanaan dan Pendayagunaan SDM Kesehatan, Kementerian Kesehatan tahun 2010.
Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa insentif bukan merupakan faktor utama yang mempengaruhi retensi tenaga kesehatan penugasan khusus di DTPK. Faktor kebijakan pemerintah lebih menentukan retensi tenaga kesehatan di DTPK. Pemerintah belum memiliki kebijakan khusus tentang retensi tenaga kesehatan. Untuk memenuhi ketersediaan tenaga kesehatan khususnya di DTPK, pemerintah menggunakan strategi mutasi dan rotasi serta menyelenggarakan program-program yang sifatnya temporarly dan tidak sustainable seperti pengadaan tenaga kesehatan Pegawai Tidak Tetap (PTT), Penugasan Khusus, dan tenaga kesehatan kontrak atau honorer. Oleh karena itu pemerintah perlu melakukan kajian-kajian tentang kebijakan retensi tenaga kesehatan.
Maldistribusi of health workers especially in the Rural, Border and Islands area (DTPK) became the world's attention due to the reluctance of health workers to live and work in DTPK. World Health Organization (WHO) recommends retention of health workers as part of efforts to increase the availability of health workers in DTPK. In the human resource management, retention is the output of human resources (HR) maintenance, which is how to maintain competent human resources to keep working within a maximum period of time. One way used to retaining HR is by providing incentives, either material or non material.
The research was conducted on a special assignment program of health workers in DTPK held on September 2011 in Keerom District, Sarmi District and Jayapura city, province of Papua. In this study the data used consists of primary data and secondary data. Primary data obtained by conducting interviews conducted with a range of competent informants of the Provincial Health Office, District Health Office and Center for Health Human Resources Planning and Utilization of Ministry of Health. Secondary data using mapping data from health workers conducted by the Center for Health Human Resource Planning and Utilization, Ministry of Health in 2010 Republic of Indonesia.
The results showed that the incentive is not a major factor influencing the retention of health workers on special assignment in DTPK. Factors determining government policy over retention of health workers in DTPK. Governments do not yet have specific policies regarding the retention of health personnel. To meet the availability of health workers especially in DTPK, the government uses mutation and rotation strategies and organizing programs that are temporarly and not sustainable as the procurement of non-permanent employee health workers (PTT), Special Assignment, and health workers or temporary contracts.Therefore, governments need to do studies of health personnel retention policies.
Tuberculosis Paru merupakan salah satu penyakit kronis yang harus mendapat perhatian untuk segera diatasi dan ditangani. Di Indonesia strategi untuk menanggulanginya dengan Directly Observed Treatment Shorcourse chemotherapy (DOTS) telah dilaksanakan di 7.349 Puskesmas (97 %). Keberhasilan penanggulangan Program Tuberculosis Paru terkait erat antara komitmen dan pendanaan. Apabila dapat dijalankan dengan baik akan memberi keuntungan secara ekonomis. Mengingat alokasi pembiayaan kesehatan baru mencapai 3,93 % APBD Kabupaten Bengkayang. Maka untuk memberikan advokasi perlu dilakukan evaluasi ekonomi terhadap program kesehatan, salah satunya dengan CEA (Cost Effectiveness Analysis). Kondisi geografis sepesifik Kabupaten Bengkayang terdiri dari daerah pantai, kepulauan, pedaiaman, perkotaan, perbatasan dan tertinggal. Maka untuk lebih memberikan gambaran apakah pembiayaan kesehatan sudah sesuai dengan karakteristik daerah dilakukanlah studi kasus analisis efektifitas biaya penemuan dan pengobatan penderita tuberculosis pant dengan konseling/penyuluhan dan Pengawas menelan Obat (PMO) anggota keluarga dan petugas kesehatan dengan tanpa konseling dan PMO hanya anggota keluarga di Puskesmas Pantai dan Puskesmas Perbatasan. Untuk mengetahui komitmen anggaran dilakukan penggalian pendapat 1 pandangan kepada pengambil keputusan. Disain penelitian adalah kuantitatif. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mendapatkan basil cost effectiveness ratio penemuan dan pengobatan penderita tuberculosis paru dengan konseling/penyuluhan dan PMO anggota keluarga dan petugas kesehatan dengan tanpa konseling dan PMO hanya anggota keluarga di Puskesmas Pantai dan Puskesmas Perbatasan. Pengumpulan data primer berupa observasi dan wawancara mendalam dengan pengambil keputusan. Data sekunder dengan telaah dokumen. Hasil penelitian studi kasus ini menunjukkan bahwa komponen terbesar biaya penemuan dan pengobatan penderita tuberculosis paru dengan konseling/penyuluhan dan PMO anggota keluarga dan petugas kesehatan serta tanpa konseling dan PMVIO hanya anggota keluarga adalah biaya operasional sebesar 57,53 % di Puskesmas Sungai Duri (63,27 % gaji dan 17,01 % bahan habis pakai), sebesar 64,67 % di Puskesmas Sungai Raya (78,50 % gaji dan 10,87 % bahan habis pakai), sebesar 65,80 % di Puskesmas Jagoi Babang (90,34 % gaji dan 5,23 % bahan habis pakai) dan sebesar 32,66 % di Puskesmas Seluas (77,83 % gaji dan 12,50 % bahan habis pakai). Penemuan dan pengobatan penderita Tuberculosis Pam dengan metode konseling dan PMO di Puskesmas Pantai lebih efektif dibandingkan Puskesmas Perbatasan. Hampir semua pengambil keputusan menyatakan dukungan terhadap pembiayaan program kesehatan dan efektifitas tergantung pada SDM, sarana dan prasarana, serta pembiayaan kesehatan. Dalam pelaksanaan program tuberculosis part' di Puskesmas perlu didukung adanya konselinglpenyuluhan dan PMO tenaga kesehatan. Sosialisasi SPM dan hasil studi kasus sebagai bahan evaluasi dan advokasi dalam penyususnan anggaran APBD 2007. Dan efektifitas pelaksanaan program digunakan sebagai dasar dalam penentuan Kebijakan Umum Anggaran (KU A) APBD Kabupaten Bengkayang.
Lungs tuberculosis is one of the chronic diseases that have to be noticed then handled and overcome earlier. Overcome strategy by Directly Observed Treatment Shorcourse chemotherapy (DOTS) had conducted in 7.349 Puskesmas (97 %). Lungs Tuberculosis Program overcome efficacy related with commitment and funding. If conducted well, it will give benefit economically. Remembering health funding alloction recently reach 3,93 % of Bengkayang Regency APBD. Therefore to give advocated need economic evaluation toward health program, one of them is CEA (Cost Effectiveness Analysis). Specific geographical condition of Bengkayang Regency consist of coast, island, hinterland, urban, border and remains. Therefore to give view that health defrayal is appropriate with district characteristic conducted case study of cost effectiveness analysis case detection patient and lungs tuberculosis medication patient with conselling and PMO with family and health provider without no conselling and PMO by family only in Coastal Puskesmas and Border Puskesmas. To find the budget commitment conduct opinionlview delve toward decision maker. Research design is quantitative. Research aim is to find cost effectiveness ratio result of patien and lungs tuberculosis medication invention in Coastal Puskesmas and Border Puskesmas. Primary data gathering was in observation and circumstantial interview with decision maker. Secondary data by document study. This case study research result shows that total cost of case detection and TB Lungs Medication Patient by conselling and PMO with family and health provider with by no conselling and PMO with family only is operasional cost is 57,53 % in Puskesmas Sungai Duri (63,2 % salary and 17,01 % substance used up wear), 64,67 % in Puskesmas Sungai Raya (78,50 % salary and 10,87 % substance used up wear), 65,80 % in Puskesmas Jagoi Babang (90,34 % salary and 5,23 % substance used up wear) and 32,66 % in Puskesmas Seluas (77,83 % salary and 12,50 % substance used up wear). Case detection patient and Lungs TB Medication Patient with Cancelling and PMO Methode in Coastal Puskesmas is more effective with Border Puskesmas. Almost all decision maker express that effectiveness depends on SDM, tools and infrastructure, and also health financing. Program execution in Puskesmas with concelling and PMO with health provider, SPM Socialization and deciding budget allocation need to play attention to program conducting effectiveness evaluation and advocating on in desition to budget APBD 2007. And effectivness execution programme used by decision elementary in policy budget general Bengkayang Regency APBD.
Institutional delivery has an impact on decreasing maternal mortality. InIndonesia, institutional delivery increases every year, but there are still 30%-37%delivery at home. Unfortunately, the increase did not in line with maternalmortality reduction so that Indonesia did not achieve the fifth MDGs goal. Inorder to achieve Universal Health Coverage, Indonesia implemented JaminanKesehatan Nasional (JKN) for all. JKN integrated four types of health insurance.One of its benefits is maternal health services. Health insurance can addressfinancial barriers on delivery in health facility.Using secondary data of Riskesdas 2013 and Podes 2011, the study aims toinvestigate the effect of health insurance on institutional delivery in Indonesia.The estimation of the effect used probit and bivariate probit models to take intoaccount the issue of endogeneity of health insurance.The result found that health insurance tends to increase institutional delivery by39.52%. Furthermore, the increase is expected to reduce maternal mortality.Keywords: Health insurance, Institutional delivery, Probit, Bivariate probit.
Indonesia's health development geared to achieve national health insurance scheme (JKN).However, funding of health in Indonesia is still dominated by domestic funding through out-of-pocket (OOP). Catastrophic health expenditure of households will disrupt householdconsumption and can lead to poverty. By using secondary data of the National Social Surveys(Susenas) 2012, this study aims to prove health insurance ownership lowers catastrophic healthexpenditure of households in Indonesia in 2012. This study used a cross-sectional study designwith models probit and bivariate probit. The results found that the health insurance ownershiplowers catastrophic health expenditure in the amount 12.97% at the threshold 10% of totalexpenditure and 18.42% at 20% of total non-food expenditure. Health insurance ownershipprovides protection for catastrophic health expenditure in Indonesia in 2012.Keywords: Health insurance, Catastrophic health expenditure, Probit, Bivariate probit, Susenas.
The change in financing patterns from fee for service to the INA-CBGs pattern is both an opportunity and a threat for hospitals. Opportunities arise if hospitals can run the JKN-KIS (National Health Insurance-Healthy Indonesia Card) program effectively so that claims are positive, otherwise JKN-KIS turns into a threat if the services provided by the hospital are not effective and efficient (Mardiah and Rivany, 2017). Therefore casemix and casemix index are important parameters. The aim of this research is to determine the hospital casemix and casemix index achievements as well as the relationship between hospital characteristics, patient characteristics and hospital capacity on hospital casemix and casemix index. This research uses claim data submitted by hospitals to BPJS Health, data related to hospital capacity is obtained from the hospital. Analysis was carried out univariate, bivariate and multivariate using multiple linear regression. The results of the research showed a significant relationship between the hospital class D variable and the hospital class B variable, the hospital BOR variable, the number of intensive beds, the number of cases with advanced equipment in inpatient care, the proportion of treatment class 3, the proportion of severity level 3 and the proportion of BP with inpatient casemix. There is a significant relationship between the variables of hospital class, type of hospital, hospital ownership, hospital BOR, number of intensive beds, proportion of class 3, proportion of severity level 3, proportion of BP and proportion of women with inpatient casemix index. There is a significant relationship between the variable hospital class D and hospital class B, hospital ownership, the variable proportion of women, the number of cases with advanced equipment in outpatient care, the proportion of elderly people and the proportion of BP to outpatient casemix. There is a significant relationship between the variables of hospital ownership, proportion of women, proportion of BP, number of cases with advanced equipment in the outpatient setting and number of operating rooms with the outpatient casemix index.
Seven years since the national health insurance scheme (JKN) was introduced, coverage in DKI Jakarta Province has reached 85% of the population, but the average out-of-pocket (OOP) health expenditure of DKI Jakarta residents is twice that of the national expenditure. The high JKN coverage was accompanied by an increase in OOP in DKI Jakarta Province. This study focuses on understanding how health insurance ownership relates to health service utilization and cash health expenditure in DKI Jakarta Province. This study uses secondary data from Susenas Kor in 2021. The quantitative analysis conducted in this study includes two stages, the first stage using individual-level data to determine the determinants of individual health behavior on health service utilization. The second stage was carried out using household-level data to determine the tendency of health insurance utilization with out-of-pocket health expenditure in DKI Jakarta Province. This study found that the economic status of the population in quintile one (Q1) and quintile two (Q2) is the largest group of people who do not have health insurance. The results of the first stage of analysis show that DKI Jakarta residents prefer privately-run health facilities for outpatient utilization, while government-operated health facilities are slightly superior for inpatient utilization. Residents who have JKN will use it for outpatient and inpatient utilization. The results of the second stage showed that the out-of-pocket cash health expenditure of people with national health insurance (JKN) was lower than that of people without health insurance. Residents who have dual/combination health insurance (JKN and private) when utilizing health services are using private health insurance. The higher the economic status of the population, the higher their health expenditure. This study suggests that the government should pay close attention to the coverage of health insurance among people with low economic status. It also needs to encourage people to make more use of JKN when utilizing outpatient and inpatient care in order to further reduce financial risk, especially for people with vulnerable household members.
Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah memiliki berbagai masalah dart keterbatasan antara. lain menyangkut SDM perencana, S1K, dan dana. Belum adanya dana yang khusus dialokasikan untuk membiayai proses perencanaan dan penganggaran merupakan salah satu masalah yang penting diperhatikan. oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini bertujuan melakukan analisis biaya menggunakan konsep Activity Based Costing (ABC) terhadap proses perencanaan dan penganggaran program kesehatan tahunan Dimas Kesehatan Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah serta menganalisis berbagai faktor yang mempengaruhinya dan hambatan masalah yang dihadapinya. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian studi kasus, dengan pendekatan deskriptif menggunakan metode kualitatif. Melalui vvawancara. mendalam, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), telaah dokurnen danobservasi langsung. Seluruh tahapan aktivitas pereneanaan, mulai dari analisis situasi, identifikasi masalah, penetapan prioritas masalah, penetapan tujuan„ penentuan altematif pemeeahan masalah, penyusunan Reneana Operasional Proyek/Program (ROP), pengerjaan RICA—KL dan RKA—SKPD, asistensi, Koreksi dan revisi serta finalisa.si dokumen perencanaan dan penganggaran sarnpai penyu.sunan draft DIPA dan DPA Dinas Kesehatan Tahun 2007. walaupun implementasinya, tidak selalu dilakukan seeara berumtan atau terpisah tahap demi tahapnya. Beberapa aspek yang mempengaruhi perencanaan dan penganggaran adalah ketersediaan, kecukupan dan kesesu.aian serta kelengkapan berbagai sumber daya, seperti SDM perencana, saran; waktu, dana, jadwal, juklak, Kebijakan OTDA yang mendukung, Sistem Informasi Kesehatan (SIK) dan standar harga satuan barangijasa. Kegiatan perencanaan dan penganggaran selanria ini, merupakan bagian dari Prograrn Kebijakan dan Manajemen Pembangunan Kesehatan (PICMPK). Alokasi dana tahun anggaran 2007 sebesar Rp. 6.706.789.494,- terdiri dari Rp. 5.166.347.000,- APBN dan Rp. 1.540.442.494,-. APBD. Hasil perhitungan dan analisis biaya yang dilakukan temyata diperoleh biaya total proses perencanaan dan penganggaran Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah sebesar Rp. 259.794.844,- yang keseluruhannya merupakan biaya operasional kegiatan per tahapan aktivitas tersebut. Permasalahan dan hambatan yang dihadapi dalam proses perencanaan dan penganggaran adalah 1)sektor kesehatan belurn menjadi prioritas 2)Belum optimalnya S1K, 3)belum adanya SK Kadis tentang SDM perencanaitim penyusun dokumen perencanaan dan penganggaran dinas. 4)Da.ftar harga satuan barangijasa belum sepenuhnya dimanfaatkan sebagai acuan.5) Belum adanya Juklak perencanaan clan penganggaran, 6)belum semua personil yang terlibat proses perencanaan dan penganggaran belum teriatih secara tehnis maupun. manajerial. 7)Koordinasi Lintas Program (LP) belum optimal. 8) Perencanaan & penganggaran yang dilakukan selama ini belum terpadu, terpisah antara perencanaan APBN dengan APBD. Begitu pula dengan tenaga perencananya. APBN oleh Seksi Penyusunan Program sedangkan APBD oleg Subag Keuangan. 9)Belum adanya dana yan khusus dialokasikan untuk aktivitas perencanaan clan penganggaran. 10)Belum adanya risetistudi sejenisnya mengenai analisis biaya programikegiatan untuk acuaniperbandingan kearah perbaikan. 11)Masalah yang sifatnya spesifik lokal yakni seringkali terjadi pemadarnan lampu oleh PLN. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan perlu dilakukan berbagai upaya dan penataan sena pembenahan baik secara temis maupun manajerial dala.m proses perencanaan dan penganggaran. Upaya sosialisasi dan advokasi yang lebih intensif kepada stakeholder/decision maker setempat juga masih perlu ditingkatkan.
Central Sulawesi Provincial Health Office, have many problems and scarcity of many aspect like planning officer, SIK and budget. Have not budget allocaction for the planning and budgeting process. This study aim to conduct a special cost analysis for the process of health planning and budget by using Activity Based Costing (ABC) concept. This study is a qualitative design, researcher used a framework system which covered input, process and output to analyze various aspect which related to planning and budget process. Public Health Service in the Central Sulawesi Province has conducted all planning activities steps, starting from situation analysis, identify problem, decision of problem priority, decision of aim, determination of trouble-shooting alternative, arrangement of Project Operational Planning. (ROP), Making of RICA - ICL and RICA - SKPD, assistance, correction and revision, final document of planning and budget until draft arrangement of DIPA and DPA at Public Health Service in 2007. Although their implementation are not always conducted alternately or separated step by step. Some aspects which affected to planning and budget at Public Health Service in the province of Sulawesi Tengah is availability, sufficiency, compatible and also the equipment of various resources, such as Human Resources Development planner, medium, timing, fund, schedule, implementation guide (Juklak), supported decentralisation policy, Health Information System (5I1C) and standard price of service unit. Available planning and budget activity is part of Policy Program and Health Development Management at Public Health Service. Available fund allocation in this program is destined for some Subdin, department, section and sub section at Public Health Service in the province of Sulawesi Tengah. Fund allocation of this prograrne in 2007 are 6.706.789.494,- rupiahs which consist of 5.166.347.000,- rupiahs from APBN and 1.540.442.494,- rupiahs from province APB1). From calculation result and cost analysis which has conducted was obtained total cost of planning and budget process at Public Health Service in the province of Sulawesi Tengah are 259.794.844,- rupiahs which all of them are operational cost in every activities steps. Problems and resistances which are faced on planning and budget process such as: 1) Health sector does not become a priority yet concerning a local OTDA policy, because Kamtibrnas is more important aspect. 2) SIK is not optimal yet, 3) There is no SK ICadis concerning Human Resources Development of planner or compiler team of planning and budget document at Health Service. 4) Price list of material or service unit is not fully exploited as reference yet 5) There is no Juklak of planning and budget, 6) All personals who concerned on planning and budget process are not trained yet both technically and managerial. 7) Program pass coordination (LP) is not optimal yet. 8) Planning and budget which conducted are not solid yet, separated between APBN and APBD planning and also their planner. APBN is arranged by section of program arrangement while APBD is arranged by sub department of financial. 9) There are no funds which are allocated especially for planning and budget activity. 10) There is no study which concerns on cost analysis program or activity for reference on repair. 11) Local problems specifically are often happen extinction of electric by PLN. This study concluded that it was important to be conducted various effort and administration and also correction both technique and managerial on planning and budget process at Public Health Service in the province of Sulawesi Tengah. Socialization effort and more intensive advocation to stakeholder or decision maker is also improved.
Berdasarkan SK Gub DKI Jakarta No. 2086 tahun 2006, 44 Puskesmas di Provinsi DK] Jakarta ditetapkan menjadi unit yang menerapkan Pola Pengelolaan Keuangan Badan Layanan Umum Daelah ( PPK BLUD ) secara bertahap. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gamharan realisasi anggaran kesehatan bersumber pemerintah provinsi di 42 puskesmas DKI Jakarta untuk periode tahun 2007-2009 paska menerapkan PPK BLUD. Desain penelitian adalah deskriptif. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah data sekunder yang berasal dari laporan keuangan puskesmas tahun 2007- 2009. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa realisasi anggaran di Puskesmas DKI Jakarta dari tahun 2007 sampai dengan 2009 cenderung meningkat yaitu Rp l7b.l66.506.28l (2007) , Rp 242.295.485.|2l (2008) dan Rp 247.076.8l0.111 (2009). Biaya perkapita berkisar dari USS 2 ( Jakarta Barat ) - USS 4,6 ( Jakarta Pusat ). Total pendapatan BLUD Puskesmasjuga menunjukkan peningkatan yaitu Rp 57.24l.949.0l7,- (2007), Rp 59.779.032.965 ,- (2008) dan Rp 65.745.497.256,- (2009). Realisasi anggaran rata-rata pertahun pada periode 2007-2009 untuk : upaya wajib 80%, program pzioritas 8l,08%. Berdasarkan sifat plogram : Kuratif 58%, preventif 2l%, promotif 0.98%. Berdasarkan jenis kegiatan : UK? 58%, UKM sebesar 22 %, Manajemen 13% dan investasi 6%. Berdasarkan kelompok belanja : BOP 85%. adum 8,56% , modal 5,76%. CRR 46,97%.
Under Decree of the Governor of DKI Jakarta Province No. 2086 ln 2006, 44 health centers in Jakarta Province enacted into units that implement the Financial Management Pattems Regional Public Service Board gradually. This research aims to reveal the health budget comcs in 42 health centers of the provincial govemment of DKI Jakarta for the period 2007-2009 afler applying Financial Management Panems Regional Public Service Board. The study design is descriptive. Data collected is secondary data derived from the consolidated financial health centers in 2007-2009. The results showed that the realization of budget in Jakarta Health Center from 2007 to 2009 tended to increase the l76,l66,506,28l IDR (2007), 242,295,481 121 IDR (2008) and 247,076,8l0,l ll IDR (2009). Per capita costs ranged fiom U.S. S 2 (West Jakarta) - U.S. S 4.6 (Central Jakarta). Total revenues Regional Public Service Board PHC also showed an increase of 57,24I,949,0l7 IDR (2007), 59,779,032,965 IDR (2008) and 6S,745,497,256 IDR (2009). Total expenditure per year on average for the period 2007-2009: the effort required 80% 8l.08% priority programs. Based on the nature of the program : Curative 58%, 21% preventive, promotive 0.98%. Based on the types of activities: UKP 58%, 22% SME, investment Management l3% and 6%. Based on expenditure groups: BOP 85%, ADUM 8.56%, 5.76% of capital. CRR 46.97% .
