Rendahnya cakupan imunisasi polio di Indonesia menimbulkan kembalinya penyakit polio dengan 12 kasus terkonfirmasi. Munculmya kasus tersebut ditetapkan sebagai Kejadian Luar Biasa (KLB), terdapat 32 provinsi dan 399 kabupaten/kota berisiko tinggi terhadap polio. Salah satu hambatan utama adalah keraguan masyarakat terhadap status kehalalan vaksin, khususnya di wilayah dengan tingkat pengaruh islam yang kuat. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengeksplorasi hambatan dan tantangan promosi vaksinasi polio serta bentuk kerjasama multisektoral dalam mengatasi keraguan terhadap vaksin halal. Penelitian dilakukan dengan pendekatan kualitatif menggunakan desain fenomenologi, melalui wawancara mendalam terhadap tiga belas informan yang berasal dari kementerian dan lembaga pemerintah, organisasi keagamaan, perusahaan vaksin, peneliti, dan pegiat media sosial. Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis isi dengan pendekatan Social Ecological Model (SEM). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada tingkat individu, muncul sikap penolakan vaksin, hoaks, dan keraguan terhadap ketidakpastian status halal. Pada level interpersonal budaya patriarki dan ritual keagamaan bepengaruh terhadap penerimaan vaksinasi, sedangkan tokoh agama memiliki peran strategis dalam meningkatkan kepercayaan. Pada level komunitas, interaksi antar organisasi dan Lembaga sudah menunjukkan tren yang baik meskipun masih ditemukan tantangan. Pada level institusi dan sistem, tantangan mencakup kurangnya transparansi proses sertifikasi halal, diseminasi informasi yang belum merata, serta koordinasi antarinstansi yang belum optimal. Penelitian ini menyarankan pentingnya sinergi antar pemangku kepentingan dalam strategi promosi vaksinasi, penguatan komunikasi berbasis budaya dan agama, serta transparansi sertifikasi halal yang mudah dipahami masyarakat. Diharapkan hasil ini dapat menjadi rekomendasi bagi perumusan kebijakan promosi vaksin dan pengembangan vaksin halal yang lebih efektif dan inklusif.

The low coverage of polio immunisation in Indonesia has led to the re-emergence of polio, with twelve confirmed cases. These cases have been classified as an outbreak, with 32 provinces and 399 districts/cities identified as high-risk areas. A key barrier is public hesitancy regarding the halal status of vaccines, particularly in regions with high levels of religiosity. This study aims to explore the barriers and challenges in promoting polio vaccination and to examine forms of multisectoral collaboration in addressing halal-related concerns. A qualitative phenomenological design was employed, involving in-depth interviews with thirteen informants from ministries and governmental agencies, religious organisations, vaccine companies, researchers, and social media advocates. Data were analysed using content analysis, framed by the Social Ecological Model (SEM). The findings reveal that at the individual level, vaccine rejection, misinformation, and uncertainty about halal certification were prevalent. At the interpersonal level, patriarchal cultural norms and religious rituals influenced vaccine acceptance, while religious leaders played a strategic role in building public trust. At the community level, inter-organisational interactions have shown promising developments, despite persistent challenges. At the institutional and systemic levels, obstacles included lack of transparency in the halal certification process, uneven information dissemination, and suboptimal inter-agency coordination. The study underscores the importance of stakeholder synergy in vaccination promotion strategies, the reinforcement of culturally and religiously tailored communication, and the provision of clear and accessible information regarding halal certification. These findings offer critical recommendations for formulating more effective and inclusive vaccine promotion policies and developing halal-certified vaccines.

Ketergantungan Indonesia terhadap impor bahan baku farmasi serta disrupsi rantai pasok global selama pandemi COVID-19 menegaskan urgensi penguatan kemandirian bioteknologi nasional, termasuk pengembangan vaksin berbasis messenger RNA (mRNA). Namun, implementasi teknologi ini di Indonesia menghadapi tantangan multidimensional, khususnya kewajiban penerapan Sistem Jaminan Produk Halal (SJPH) sebagaimana diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 33 Tahun 2014. Kompleksitas proses produksi vaksin mRNA yang bersifat cell-free, penggunaan bahan sintetis dan rekombinan, serta rantai pasok global menimbulkan tantangan dalam pemenuhan kriteria halal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis implementasi SJPH dalam proses produksi vaksin berbasis teknologi mRNA di PT X, mengidentifikasi titik kritis halal yang muncul, serta menganalisis strategi penyesuaian yang dilakukan perusahaan dalam menyelaraskan tuntutan teknis bioproses dengan persyaratan halal. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan desain studi kasus tunggal. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam, telaah dokumen, dan observasi, kemudian dianalisis menggunakan kerangka Teori Difusi Inovasi Rogers. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa PT X berhasil mengintegrasikan 11 kriteria SJPH ke dalam sistem manajemen mutu perusahaan melalui strategi integrasi struktural, pendekatan ilmiah dalam seleksi bahan baku, serta digitalisasi sistem ketertelusuran. Titik kritis halal utama ditemukan pada bahan baku seperti plasmid DNA, enzim, etanol, dan lipid nanoparticles, serta pada penggunaan fasilitas bersama pada tahap fill and finish. Strategi penyesuaian yang diterapkan memungkinkan pemenuhan persyaratan halal tanpa mengorbankan mutu dan integritas teknologi mRNA. Penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi empiris bagi pengembangan implementasi SJPH pada industri biofarmasi berteknologi tinggi di Indonesia.

Indonesia’s heavy dependence on imported pharmaceutical raw materials, combined with global supply chain disruptions during the COVID-19 pandemic, has underscored the urgency of strengthening national biotechnology self-reliance, particularly in the development of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines. However, the implementation of mRNA vaccine technology in Indonesia faces multidimensional challenges, notably the mandatory application of the Halal Product Assurance System (Sistem Jaminan Produk Halal/SJPH) as stipulated in Law No. 33 of 2014. The complexity of mRNA vaccine production, which involves cell-free bioprocesses, synthetic and recombinant materials, and globally distributed supply chains, poses significant challenges in meeting halal compliance requirements. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Halal Product Assurance System in the mRNA vaccine production process at PT X, to identify critical halal control points, and to examine the adjustment strategies adopted to reconcile advanced biotechnological processes with halal requirements. A qualitative approach with a single-case holistic study design was employed. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, document review, and observation, and analyzed using Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovation theory as the analytical framework. The findings indicate that PT X has successfully integrated the 11 SJPH criteria into its quality management system through structural integration, a science-based approach to raw material selection, and the digitalization of traceability systems. Key halal critical points were identified in raw materials, including plasmid DNA, enzymes, ethanol, and lipid nanoparticles, as well as in the use of shared facilities during the fill-and-finish stage. The adjustment strategies implemented enabled halal compliance without compromising product quality or the technological integrity of mRNA vaccines. This study provides empirical insights into halal assurance implementation in high-technology biopharmaceutical industries and offers practical implications for industry stakeholders and regulators in developing adaptive halal governance frameworks for advanced biotechnology