Abstrak: ABSTRAK 
Program Pendidikan Dokter Spesialis merupakan integrasi antara pelayanan dan pendidikan. Permasalahan timbul berkaitan dengan pembiayaan pendidikan dokter spesialis antara Fakultas Kedokteran dengan Rumah Sakit terutama berhubungan dengan penentuan biaya pendidikan.. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah melakukan analisis besarnya biaya pendidikan di RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang sebagai Rumah Sakit Pendidikan Utama bagi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro dengan menggunakan metode activity based costing . Didapatkan bahwa sumber biaya meliputi biaya alat dan bahan habis, alat medik, alat non medik, gaji karyawan dan honor karyawan. Hasil perhitungan menggunakan metode activity based costing mendapatkan satuan biaya pendidikan sebesar Rp. 2.456.181,34 per mahasiswa per tahun.

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Abstrak: Infeksi Daerah Operasi (IDO) merupakan penyebab utama dalam meningkatkan biaya perawatan, perpanjangan lama rawat inap serta perpanjangan waktu pemulihan pada ibu yang telah menjalani operasi sesar. Angka kejadian IDO di negara berkembang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan negara maju. Ibu yang melakukan operasi sesar memiliki peluang hingga 20 kali lebih tinggi terkena morbiditas infeksi dibandingkan dengan wanita yang melahirkan melalui vagina. Oleh sebab itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi angka kejadian dan faktor risiko IDO pasca operasi sesar serta kaitannya dengan upaya peningkatan kualitas pelayanan kesehatan. Pertanyaan penelitian dijawab dengan studi literature review dan sintesis data dilakukan secara naratif. Pencarian studi pustaka menggunakan basis data ProQuest, PubMed, BJOG, Science Direct, Springer Link, Garuda RISTEKBRIN antara 2010 hingga 2020. Studi yang memiliki fokus penelitian faktor penyebab infeksi daerah operasi pasca operasi sesar digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Terdapat 43 studi yang dimasukkan dalam penelitian ini. Faktor risiko Infeksi Daerah Operasi (IDO) pasca operasi sesar yang diidentifikasi yaitu usia ibu, skor ASA ≥ 3, anemia, diabetes, obesitas, hipertensi, merokok, penggunaan tembakau, lokasi penduduk, jumlah pemeriksaan vagina lebih dari 3 kali, ketuban pecah dini, persalinan lama, usia kehamilan, indikasi operasi sesar (operasi sesar sebelumnya, paritas, penelusuran persalinan) korioamnionitis, lama rawat inap pra dan pasca operasi, antibiotik profilaksis, durasi operasi yang berkepanjangan, operasi darurat, transfusi darah, tingkat kontaminasi luka ≥ 3, jenis sayatan kulit vertikal atau garis tengah, teknik penutupan kulit, teknik anestesi dan tingkat petugas kesehatan bedah. Berdasarkan faktor penyebab terjadinya IDO pasca operasi sesar yang telah diidentifikasi, maka sejumlah upaya dapat dilakukan oleh rumah sakit untuk meningkatkan kualitas layanan operasi sesar.
Kata kunci: Infeksi daerah operasi, operasi sesar, peningkatan kualitas pelayanan kesehatan

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Surgical site infection (SSI) is a major cause increased medical costs, increased length of stay and extended recovery time for women who had a cesarean section. The incidence of SSI in developing countries is higher than in developed countries. Mothers who had done cesarean section surgery have a chance up to 20 times higher of developing morbidity of infection compared to vaginal birth. Therefore this study aims to identify the incidence and risk factors of SSI postoperative cesarean also the relationship with improving the quality of health services. The research question was answered with a literature review research and results were summarized narratively. A literature search using databases from ProQuest, PubMed, BJOG, Science Direct, Springer Link andGaruda RISTEKBRIN between 2010 and 2020. The literature on risk of surgical site infection after cesarean surgery was discussed. In total, 43 studies were included in this review. Risk factor for surgical site infection (SSI) after cesarean section identified in this study were maternal age, ASA score ≥ 3, anaemia, diabetes, obesity, hypertension, smoking, tobacco use, residence, number of vaginal examinations > 3, premature rupture of membranes, prolonged labor, gestational age, indications of cesarean section (previous cesarean section, parity, arrest of labor), chorioamnionitis, length of pre and postoperative hospital stay, prophylactic antibiotics, prolonged duration of surgery, emergency surgery, blood transfusion, wound class ≥ 3, vertical or midline abdominal incision, skin closure technique, anesthetic technique and type of surgeon. Based on the risk factors of SSI after cesarean section that has been identified, several efforts can be made by hospitals to improve the quality of cesarean section services.
Key words: Cesarean section, surgical site infection, quality improvement of health service

Abstrak: Infection control for hospital pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) often takes the form of a package of interventions, including the use of patient isolation and decolonization treatment. Such interventions, though widely used, have generated controversy because of their significant resource implications and the lack of robust evidence with regard to their effectiveness at reducing transmission. The aim of this study was to estimate the effectiveness of isolation and decolonization measures in reducing MRSA transmission in hospital general wards. Prospectively collected MRSA surveillance data from 10 general wards at Guy's and St. Thomas' hospitals, London, United Kingdom, in 2006-2007 were used, comprising 14,035 patient episodes. Data were analyzed with a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm to model transmission dynamics. The combined effect of isolation and decolonization was estimated to reduce transmission by 64% (95% confidence interval: 37, 79). Undetected MRSA-positive patients were estimated to be the source of 75% (95% confidence interval: 67, 86) of total transmission events. Isolation measures combined with decolonization treatment were strongly associated with a reduction in MRSA transmission in hospital general wards. These findings provide support for active methods of MRSA control, but further research is needed to determine the relative importance of isolation and decolonization in preventing transmission.