ISPA (Infeksi Saluran Pernafasan Akut) masih menjadi masalah serius di seluruh dunia termasuk Indonesia. Pentingnya pencegahan dan penanggulangan ISPA tersirat dalam Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) tujuan ke-3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well being for all at all ages. Pada tahun 2017 terdapat 289 kasus ISPA Bawah terkait influenza dengan 11 kematian yang dilaporkan di kota Mekah. 44 % kasus kematian tersebut berasal dari jamaah asal Asia Tenggara. Kasus ISPA pada tahun 2017 didominasi oleh Nasofaringitis Akut yang menjadi sebab 19% kunjungan rawat jalan jamaah haji pada tahun tersebut. Tahun 2018 Common Cold menjadi urutan kasus ISPA nomor 1 pada 10 penyakit terbanyak pada jamaah haji disamping 5 penyakit ISPA. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk engetahui faktor determinan ISPA pada Jemaah Haji Provinsi Jawa Barat Tahun 2018.Desain studi cross-sectional dari data sekunder dengan jumlah sampel 374 jemaah haji. Analisis faktor determinan kejadian ISPA pada penelitian ini menggunakan analisis multivariat cox regresi dengan besar pengaruh yang dinyatakan dalam prevalensi rasio (PR) dan Confidence Interval (CI 95%). Penelitian ini menunjukkan prevalensi ISPA pada Jemaah Haji Provinsi Jawa Barat Tahun 2018 mencapai 72,65%. Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan faktor determinan ISPA pada Jemaah Haji Jawa Barat adalah obesitas (PR 0.84), secara statistik dengan kemungkinan faktor komorbid lain secara substantif. Hasil penelitian menyarankan peningkatan pelayanan kesehatan haji holistik dan bersifat preventif sejak faktor risiko penyakit komorbid obesitas ditemukan dengan cara edukasi, pembinaan kesehatan haji sejak masa tunggu ibadah haji, bersamaan dengan pelaksanaan program UKP dan UKM di Puskesmas seperti Posbindu PTM, Prolanis dan Kesorga. Kata Kunci : ISPA, Jemaah Haji, Faktor Determinan, Jawa Barat

ARI (Acute Respiratory Tract Infection) remain as a serious problem globalliy. Indonesia also has the same burden either. Multiple effect of ARI in a pandemic scale surely results in devastation in health, economy, and other sectors. The importance of ARI prevention implied on the third aim of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) : Ensure healthy lives and promote well being for all at all ages. In 2017 we found 289 Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection cases related to influenza as viral agent with 11 mortality number reported in Mecca. 44 % of the mortality dominated by South East Asian pilgrims. At the same year, Acute Nasopharyngitis also dominated 19% inpatient cases of Pilgrims In 2018, Common Cold become the first rank of 10 diseases mostly happen in Pilgrims with 5 others ARI manifestation. The purpose of this study is to asses the determinant factors of ARI in West Java’s Pilgrims, 2018. A cross-sectional study was held with 374 samples from secondary derived from Siskohatkes. The analysis of ARI determinant factors in this study applied multivariate-Cox Regression analysis and expressed by the prevalence ratio (PR) with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI). Our study reveal that ARI prevalence in West Java’s pilgrims 2018 is 72,65%. The multivariate analysis result show that ARI determinant factor in West Java’s pilgrims is obesity (PR 0.84), even statistically unsignificant with other substantive factors that also important. The researcher suggest hajj treatment improvement programmes holistically, preventif as soon as obesity as comorbid factors found in pilgrims. The programmes include education, hajj health maintenace program since a pilgrim announce to do hajj. The program can be held in coordination with UKP and UKM by Posbindu PTM, Prolanis also Kesorga at a public health center. Key words: ARI, Pilgrims, Determinant Factor, West Java

Respiration illness has some different symptoms basically is caused of irritation, failure of transparent muccociliari, more rekresi lender and respiration stricture. Children under tive years old at Primary Heath Care of Pangkalan Kerinci in Pelalawan District risk of respiration problem and based on result of annual report at Primary Health Care, respiration trouble illness is the tirst of ten illnesses at this area. lt is because of most public spend 90 % their time in room (house). Therefore research is pointed by the way of looking for relationship between PMN rate at house, house physical environment factor and children under tive years old characteristic which related to respiration problem occurrence becoming a reason. WHO estimated that there were 400-500 millions people who faced air pollution problem of variation room including headache, head cold, drought red lane, drought coughs, eye irritation, skin irritation, influenza, breathless and tuberculosis. This research purpose to know prevalence between respiration problem illness among children under tive years old, relationship of PMN rate at house, house physical environment factor (10 variables) and children under tive years old characteristic (5 variables) with respiration problem illness occurrence among children under tive years old, and looking for factor which is most dominance effect of respiration problem illness among children under tive years old at Primary Health Care of Pangkalan Kerinci, Pelalawan District in Riau Province, time period of Measurement appliance which is used to measure PM", rate at house consists of Haz Dust Sampler, EPAM S000 model, temperature by thennometer, dampness by hygrometer, illumination by luxmeter, and appliance which is used to get primary data of children under tive years old characteristic by questionnaire and checklist. 'l`his research used a cross sectional design which participating population of 615 Head of Family (KK) by sample number of 261 children under five years old, where data was collected at the same time of PMN, rate, house physic environment and children under five years old characteristic and there were not respiration problem illness occurrence among children under five years old. Based on research result which has been done it was indicated that: l). Prevalence of children under tive years old who faced of respiration problem illness was 78,2 % _ 2). Children under five years old house with PMN rate which did not fulfill requirement was 55,6 %, 3). There is no meaning ditference of PM", rate at house (p value = 0,393) with respiration problem among children under tive years old. 4). Habit of children under tive years old out of house has a meaning difference of respiration problem illness occurrence among children under tive years old by p- value = 0,007 and OR = 2,59 (95 % CI: 1,333-5,083). Children under ive years old who are out of house have risk of respiration problem illness 2,59 times compared with children under tive years old are out of house for long time. 5). Factor which is most dominance influencing respiration problem iilness occurrence among children under five years old are usage of fuel for cooking and children under tive years old who are out of house. Children under tive years old who are out of house have risk of respiration problem illness 2,59 times compared with children under five years old who are at house for long time, and also usage of fuel for cooking which became smoke has risk 2,32 times of reqriration problem illness compared with usage of Riel for cooking which did not become smoke (gas and electricity). 6). Probability of respiration problem illness occurrence among children under tive years old where they used fuel which will become smoke at their house and children under five years oId who have habit out of house 83,5 %. 7). Children under five years old who used fuel for cooking which became smoke (wood, charcoal and kerosene) and many activities of children under tive years old out of house have probabiiity of respiration problem illness occurrence 1,5 times bigger than children under five years old which used fuel for cooking which did not become smoke (gas and electrics) and many activities of children under five years old out of house.

Penyakit Tuberkulosis paru mempakan penyakit rnenular yang menjadi masalah kesehatan di dunia karena Mycobacterieum Tuberculosa telah menginfeksi sepertiga penduduk dunia.Pa1da tahun 1993 WHO mencanangkan kcdaruratan Global penyakit Tuberkulosis, Balita merupakan kelompok usia yang rentan terhadap berbagai penyakit infeksi salah satu penyakit yang perlu diwaspadai adalah Tuberkulosis Paru karena angka kcsakitan penyakit tersebut pada balita di Kota Bandung cukup tinggi yaitu 205 penderita dari 2374 penderita kasus di Kota Bandung. Panelitian ini bertujun untuk mengctahui hubungan faktor lingkungan fisik rumah dan karakterislik balita dcngan kejadian Tuberkulosis Paru pada balita di Kota bandung tahun 2007. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah desain kasus kontrol dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 176 balita yang tcrdiri dari 88 balita Tuberkulosis Paru dengan gambaran klinis dan rdntgen (+) sebagai kasus dan 88 balita Tuberkulosis Paru dengan gambaran klinis dan rontgen Negatifsebagai kontrol. Data penelitian terdiri dari data primer yang diperoleh dengan wawancara dan pengukuran dan data sekunder dengan cara observasi dokumen. Hasil uji Chi-Square mcnunjukan bahwa teldapat beberapa variabei yang berhubungan bcrmakna secara statistik dengan kejadian Tuberkuiosis Paru pada balita yaitu status gizi, kontak penderita, pengetahuan, penghasilan, kebiasaan merokok, ventilasi, kepadatan hunian dan pencahayaan. Sedangkan berdasarkan hasil analisis regresi logisrjk diketahui bahwa variabel ventilasi merupakan variabel yang paling dominan berhubungan dengan kejadian Tuberkulosis Paru pada balita di Kota Bandung Tahun 2007 (95CI:26,l26 dan 0R=26,l26). Dari hasil pemodelan variabel penelitian diketahui pula bahwa balita dengan status gizi bl.l.!1.lk, adanya kontak penderita, ventilasi yang tidak mcmenuhi syarat, kepadatan hunian yang tidak memenuhi syarat, dan pencahayaan yang tidak memenuhi syarat mcmpunyai probabilitas terkena Tuberkulosis Paru sebesar 94% dibandingkan dengan balita yang tidak mempunyai faktor resiko tersebut. Saran yang diajukan berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini adalah Penyuluhan tcntang rumah sehat clan hygienisl untuk mencegah penularan Tuberkulosis Pam perlu ditingkatkan kepada masyarakat terutama anggota keluarganya yang positif menderita Taberkulosis Paru, dengan melibatkan tokoh masyamkat, serta lintas sektor lainnya.

TB lungs disease is contagious disease that becomes world health problem because Mycobacterium Tuberculosis has infected one-third world population. In 1993 WHO declared Global emergency of TBC disease. Baby is the most susceptible age group toward various infection diseases. One ofthe most suspicious diseases is TBC Lungs because of quite high disease rate on baby in Bandung City that is 205 patients from 2374 cases of patients in Bandung Regency. This research is aim to recognize relation of house physical environment factor and baby characteristic with TB lungs cases on baby in Bandung Regency year 2007. Research design is using case control design with total sample of 176 babies consist of 88 babies TB lungs with clinical description and x-ray (+) as cases and x-ray (-) as control. Research design consist of primary data that obtained by interview and assessment and secondary data by document observation. Data obtained analyzed with Chi-Square and logistic regression analysis to recognize relation between risk factor and TB lungs cases on babies. Chi-Square test result shows that there are variables significantly* related statistically with Tuberculosis lungs cases on babies that nutrition status, patient contact, knowledge, eaming, smoking habit, ventilation, residence density and lightning. While based on result of logistic regression analysis obtained that ventilation variable is the most dominant variable related with TB lungs cases on babies in Bandung Regency year 2007 (95 CI:26.l26 and 0R=26.l26). From result of research variable model recognized that babies with bad nutrition status, presented patient contact, disqualified ventilation, disqualified residence density and disqualified lightning has probability of infected TB lungs as much as 94% compared to babies with no factors mentioned above. Suggestion based on research result is Counseling toward healthy and hygiene housing to prevent TB lungs infection. It need improved to public especially family members that positively infected TB lungs, by involving public figure and other cross sector.