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This cohort study examined the effect of secondhand smoke exposure in pregnant women on fetal growth restriction. The study recruited 128 pregnant women in the third trimester pregnancy, single pregnancy, no chronic illness, non-active smokers, non-exsmokers, and who were willing to participate in the study. Pregnant women with the secondhand smoke exposure referred to those with the umbilical cord blood nicotine level of 1ng/ml or higher. Fetal growth disorder was assessed according to the newborn weight, length, head circumference, and palcental weight measured immediately after birth. The independent t-test analysis was used to determine the difference in average size of fetal growth between two groups of pregnant women: exposed and the notexposed to the secondhand smoke. A multiple linear regression analysis was employed to find out the effect of secondhand smoke exposure on birth weight, length, head circumference, and palcental weight controlling for the birth size confounders including weight gain during pregnancy, body mass index, parity, maternal age, and maternal hemoglobin. The study found that mean of nicotine in umbilical cord blood was 1.3±2.5 ng/ml, the birth weight and the placental weight of infants were lower among mothers who exposed than among mothers who did not expose to the secondhand smoke. Exposed to the secondhand smoke reduced the birth weight by 205.6 grams (p value = 0.005) and placental weight by 51 grams (p value=0.010).
Berkembangnya sektor industri di negara kita, selain memberikan dampak positif juga memberikan dampak negatif terutama terhadap lingkungan berupa pencemaran air karena merkuri. Salah satu kota yang berpotensi mengalami pencemaran air adalah Kota Pontianak. Hal ini disebabkan antara lain karena Kota Pontianak merupakan salah satu lokasi penambangan emas.Polutan merkuri di Pulau Kalimantan diperkirakan sebesar 61 ton setiap tahunnya untuk kegiatan penambangan emas skala kecil dan berdasarkan hasil penelitian dari Universitas Tanjungpura pada Bulan Agustus 2000 diketahui bahwa kandungan merkuri di sepanjang Sungai Kapuas dan anak-anak sungainya, serta pada biota sungai (beberapa jenis ikan), dan pada contoh air PDAM telah melebihi ambang batas. Pencemaran tersebut perlu ditangani serius karena Sungai Kapuas sampai saat ini berfungsi sebagai bahan baku Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (PDAM) Kota Pontianak.Penelitian bertujuan untuk mendapatkan informasi mengenai besarnya pajanan merkuri dalam rambut masyarakat Kota Pontianak. Disamping itu untuk mempelajari hubungan karakteristik responden (umur, jenis kelamin, pekerjaan, dan lama tinggal) serta kebiasaan makan ikan dengan kadar merkuri dalam rambut.Penelitian ini merupakan analisis data sekunder dari hasil studi Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Kalimantan Barat dan Direktorat Penyehatan Air Ditjen P2M & PL tahun 2000, dengan rancangan Cross Sectional, populasi adalah masyarakat Kota Pontianak pelanggan PDAM. Sampel adalah kepala keluarga / anggota keluarga; umur minimal 15 tahun; tinggal minimal 1 tahun: bersedia diambil sampel rambut dan urin yang diambil dengan metode klaster sebanvak 240 responden.Hasil penelitian menunjukan rata-rata kadar merkuri dalam rambut responden 0,9512 µg,/g (95% CI: 0,4534-1,4490), median 0,2900 µg/g, modus 0,00: µg/g, kadar merkuri terendah 0,00 µg/g dan tertinggi 52,57 µg/g. Sebaran kadar merkuri dalam rambut vaitu sebanvak 79 orang mempunyai kadar merkuri antara 0,00-0,09 µg/g 26 orang > 1,47 µg/g, dan sisanya adalah 0,10-1,30 µg/g.Pada kelompok usia 25 - 34 tahun mempunyai proporsi masyarakat yang rambutnya mengandung merkuri lebih besar dibandingkan dengan kelompok umur lainnya. Responden yang frekuensi makan ikan setiap hari memiliki proporsi masyarakat yang rambutuva mengandung merkuri lebih besar dibandingkan dengan kelompok frekuensi makan ikan lainnva. Tidak ada hubungan antara jenis kelamin, pekerjaan, dan lama tinggal di Pontianak dengan kadar merkuri dalam rambut.Melihat kecenderungan peningkatan pencemaran air karena merkuri, maka perlu ditingkatkan kerjasama Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Kalimantan Barat dengan sektor terkait, melakukan sosialisi / penyuluhan kepada masyarakat tentang bahaya akibat pencemaran merkuri, pemeriksaan kadar merkuri secara berkala baik pada air sungai dan ikannya maupun hasil laut, perlu teknologi altematif yang lebih tepat.Perlu dilakukan penelitian yang serupa pada ?kelompok risiko tinggi? yang dilengkapi dengan mengetahui banvaknya ikan yang dikonsumsi setiap hari (beral) serta pemeriksaan kadar merkuri yang terkandung didalamnva. Metoda lain adalah dengan cara melakukan pemeriksaan kadar merkuri dalam rambut responden sentimeter per sentimeter karena setiap sentimeter helai rambut dapat disamakan dengan kira-kira 1 bulan pemajanan.
The development of industrial sector in Indonesia, beside its positive impacts, also generates negative impacts on environment such as mercury pollution in water. Pontianak City is one potential area to be polluted by mercury because, among others, Pontianak City is gold mining location.Mercury as pollutant in Kalimantan Island was predicted to be present as many as 61 tones each year for small-scale gold mining activity. Study by Tanjungpura University in August 2000 indicated that mercury level along the Kapuas River and its small canals, and in river biotic (several types of fish), as well as in PDAM (Local Office of Drinking Water) water supply had exceeded the accepted limit. This pollution needs to be seriously handled because Kapuas River is main water provider for PDAM of Pontianak City.This study aims to obtain information on the magnitude of mercury exposure measured in hair mercury level among community of Pontianak City and to understand the relationship between respondent's characteristics (age, sex, working status/job, and length of stay) and fish eating habit with hair mercury level. This study was secondary data analysis from the primary study by Health Office of West Kalimantan and Directorate of Water Hygiene year 2000, employed a cross-sectional design, with community members subscribed to PDAM as population. 240 sample was chosen using cluster method, head/member of a family, minimum age of 15 years old, stay at least 1 year, and willing to participate in hair and urine tests.The results showed that the average mercury level in hair was 0.9512 µg/g (95 % Cl: 0,4534-1,4490), median 0.2900 µg/g, the lowest mercury level was 0.00 µg/g and the highest was 52.57µg/g. The distribution of hair mercury level was 79 respondents had 0,00-0,09 µg/g, 26 respondents had > 1,47 µg/g and the rest had 0,10-1,30 µg/g mercury level.The age group of 25-34 years old had greater proportion of respondents with higher level of hair mercury compared to other age ranges. Respondents who eat fish daily had higher proportion of high hair mercury level compared to other frequency of fish eating.There is no relationship between sex, working status / job, and length of stay in Pontianak with hair mercury level.Observing the increasing trend of water mercury pollution, the collaboration between Health Office of West Kalimantan and other related sectors needs to be improved, as to provide socialization / education to the community members on the dangers of mercury pollution, routine mercury level check both in the river and fish:, and needs more appropriate alternative technology.There is a need to conduct similar research among "the high risk group" including the documentation on how many fish eaten daily (in weight) as well as checking its mercury content. Other method is by examining mercury level in hair centimeter by centimeter because each centimeter of hair shaft equals to a month exposure.