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Prevalensi stunting pada balita di Indonesia, khususnya Kabupaten Bogor masih tergolong tinggi. Minimum Acceptable Diet (MAD), salah satu penilaian pada praktik pemberian makanan pendamping ASI, merupakan salah satu determinan utama dalam kejadian stunting. Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat hubungan MAD dan faktor lainnya dengan kejadian stunting pada anak umur 6-23 bulan. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi kohor prospektif data penelitian Kohor Tumbuh Kembang Anak (TKA) yang dilaksanakan sejak tahun 2012 di Kota Bogor. Sampel penelitian ini adalah anak umur 6-23 bulan pada studi kohor TKA yang dilakukan pengukuran berulang secara lengkap. Anak yang lahir pada pada tahun 2012-2017 dan diikuti hingga umur 23 bulan (pada tahun 2014-2019).
Variabel dependen pada penelitian ini ialah anak stunting yang diamati pada saaat usia 12, 18 dan 24 bulan. Variabel independen utama pada penelitian ini ialah MAD yang diamati pada rentang umur 6-11, 12-17 dan 18-23 bulan.
Hasil: Prevalensi stunting dalam penelitian ini masih cukup tinggi yaitu anak umur 12 bulan (23,8%), 18 bulan (33,2%) dan 24 bulan (24,6%). Capaian MAD tidak adekuat paling banyak terjadi pada anak umur 6-11 bulan (77,9%). Analisis bivariat menunjukkan bahwa MAD umur 6-11, 12-17 dan 18-23 tidak berhubungan terhadap kejadian stunting pada anak umur 12,18 dan 24 bulan.. Analisis Multivariat Regresi Cox menunjukkan stunted usia sebelumnya dan asupan protein mempengaruhi terjadinya stunting.
Kesimpulan: Upaya lebih lanjut perlu dilakukan untuk capaian MAD yang direkomendasikan pada anak usia 6-23 bulan untuk mencegah stunting. Studi skala besar untuk mengeksplorasi peran MAD dalam mengurangi stunting dan studi kualitatif untuk mengidentifikasi kendala dan faktor yang mempengaruhi praktik pemberian makan bayi dan anak yang lebih baik sangat penting untuk perbaikan program.
The prevalence of stunting among children under-fives in Indonesia, particularly in Bogor, West Java, is still relatively high. Minimum Acceptable Diet (MAD), one of the assesments on the practice of complementary feeding is one of the main determinants of stunting. This study aims to examine the relationship between MAD and other factors with the incidennce of stunting in children aged 6-23 months. Methods: This research method uses a prospective cohort study design from the Cohort of Growth and Development of children (TKA) research data which has been carried out since 2012 in Bogor City.
The sample of this study was children aged 6-23 months in the TKA cohort study whio underwent complete repeated measurements. Children born in 2012-2017 and followed up to 23 months of age (in 2014-2019).
The dependent variables were stunted children at ages 6-11, 12-17. 18-23 and 24 months. The main independent variable was Minimum Acceptable Diet at the age interval of 6-11, 12-17, and 18-23 months. The data collection on the MDD, the MMF, and the MAD used twenty-four-hour dietary recall. Result: Prevalence of stunting was higher for child aged 12 months (41,7%) than for those in 18 months (8,1%) and 24 months (4,0%) category. Inadequate MAD achievement was most common in children aged 6-11 months (41.7%). Bivariate analysis showed that fulfilment MAD aged 6-11, 12-17 and 18-23 were not associated with stunting. Multivariate analysis Cox Regression indicated that stunted early age and protein intake were significantly associated with stunting.
Conclusion: More efforts need to be done to achieve the recommended MAD for all children aged between 6-23 months and to prevent stunting. Large scale studies to explore the role of MAD in reducing stunting and qualitative studies to identify the constraints and promoting factors to better infant and young child feeding practices are imperative for programme improvement.
ABSTRAK Nama : Debri Rizki Faisal Program Studi : Epidemiologi (Field Epidemiology Training Program) Judul : Pengaruh Status Gizi Stunting Saat Balita dan Obesitas Ketika Dewasa Terhadap Risiko Hipertensi (Studi Longitudinal IFLS 1993 – 2014) Pembimbing : dr.Syahrizal Syarif, MPH, PhD. Stunting merupakan salah satu bentuk kekurangan gizi kronis yang ditandai dengan tinggi badan menurut usia kurang dari -2 SD (standar deviasi). Kondisi stunting pada usia balita berdampak jangka panjang terhadap dewasa yang pendek dan rentan terhadap penyakit tidak menular ketika dewasa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh efek gabungan kondisi stunting saat balita dan obesitas ketika dewasa terhadap risiko hipertensi. Desain penelitian cohort retrospective menggunakan data sekunder Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) periode 1-5. Populasi target adalah balita usia 2-5 tahun pada tahun 1993 sebanyak 2.642 orang, kemudian di follow up hingga dewasa pada tahun 2014. Jumlah sampel yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi adalah 588 orang. Analisis data menggunakan uji cox regression dengan 95%CI. Standar pengukuran sebagai berikut stunting (TB/U < -2 SD), obesitas (IMT ≥ 27 kg/m 2 ) dan hipertensi (≥ 140/90 mmHg). Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa dari 588 orang dimana 13.27% mengalami hipertensi dengan proporsi orang yang stunting saat balita dan obesitas ketika dewasa 27.27%. Analisis multivariate ditemukan bahwa responden dengan status gizi stunting dan obesitas berisiko 2.46 (95% CI; 1.23 - 4.90) kali; obesitas dan tidak stunting 2.25 (95% CI; 1.12 – 4.50) kali; stunting dan tidak obesitas berisiko 0.95 (95% CI; 0.55 – 1.62) kali, mengalami hipertensi dibandingkan dengan responden yang tidak mengalami stunting saat balita dan tidak obesitas ketika dewasa. Risiko kejadian hipertensi meningkat 10.56% akibat interaksi antara kondisi stunting saat balita dan obesitas ketika dewasa. Pentingnya pencegahan stunting pada 1000 Hari Pertama Kehidupan dan mengoptimalkan Posbindu PTM dalam melakukan skrining obesitas dan hipertensi serta pengendalian faktor risiko PTM untuk menurunkan prevalensi penyakit tidak menular terutama obesitas dan hipertensi. Kata kunci: Stunting, Obesitas, Hipertensi, Kohort, Efek Gabungan.
ABSTRACT Name : Debri Rizki Faisal Study Program : Epidemiology (Field Epidemiology Training Program) Title : The Effect Of Early Stunting And Adult Obesity To Increase Risk Of Hypertension (Longitudinal Study IFLS 1993 – 2014) Counsellor : dr.Syahrizal Syarif, MPH, PhD. Stunting due to chronic malnutrition condition that is characterized by Height for Age Z score less than -2 SD (standard deviation). The early stunting in children under five years has a long-term impact on adults are short stature and vulnerable to risk non-communicable diseases in later life. This study aims to determine the joint effect of early stunting conditions and adult obesity to risk for hypertension. This study design was a cohort retrospective using secondary data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) period 1-5. The target population was children aged 2-5 years in 1993 with numbers of 2,642 people and then follow up until adulthood in 2014. The number of samples that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were 588 people. Data analysis used Cox regression test with 95% CI. Standard of measurements was stunting (HAZ <-2 SD), obesity (IMT ≥ 27 kg / m 2 ) and hypertension (≥ 140/90 mmHg). The results showed that of 588 people where 13.27% had hypertension where the proportion of respondent with early stunting and adult obese was 27.27%. Multivariate analysis found that respondents with nutritional status both early stunting and adult obesity have a risk of 2.46 (95% CI; 1.23 - 4.90) times; obese and not stunting 2.25 (95% CI; 1.12 - 4.50) times; stunting and not obese 0.95 (95% CI; 0.55 - 1.62) times, for having risk of hypertension compared to respondents neither experience stunting and obese. The risk of hypertension increases 10.56% due to the interaction between early stunting and obesity adults. The importance prevention of stunting in The First 1000 Days of Life and optimize Posbindu PTM in screening obesity, hypertension and controlling risk factors NCD to reduce the prevalence of non-communicable diseases, especially obesity and hypertension. Key words: Stunting, Obesity, Hypertension, Cohort, Joint Effects.
Stunting is a malnutrition that is still a public health problem in Indonesia and causes various adverse effects on children's health. Besides caused by a chronic lack of nutrition, stunting can also be caused by recurrent of infectious diseases. Efforts to prevent infectious diseases, such as immunization, will play a role in increasing child growth, especially in developing countries. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between basic immunization status and the incidence of stunting in toddlers in Indonesia. This study used a cross-sectional study design using secondary data from SSGI 2021. The inclusion criteria for this study were that toddlers were aged 12–59 months at the time of data collection, their height was measured, were not experiencing severe or chronic illness, and had complete variable data. A total of 70,267 toddlers met the inclusion criteria, and all were taken as research samples. Data analysis was performed using the Cox regression to obtain a prevalence ratio (PR) with 95% of confidence interval. This study shows that the prevalence of stunting among children aged 12–59 months in Indonesia is 23.1%, and the proportion of children under five who have complete basic immunization status is 74.92%. The results of the multivariate analysis showed that basic immunization status had a statistically significant association with the incidence of stunting. Toddlers with incomplete basic immunization status are at risk 1.19 times higher for stunting compared to toddlers with complete basic immunization status [adjusted PR 1.19 (95% CI 1.15–1.23)]. Toddlers who are not immunized at all have an even higher risk of experiencing stunting, which is 1.27 times higher compared to toddlers with complete basic immunization status [adjusted PR 1.27 (95% CI 1.15–1.39)], after controlling for variables such as the mother's education, economic status, and the child's birth weight. Efforts are needed to complete the child's immunization status on time according to schedule and increase the mother's knowledge regarding the use of health services, the fulfillment of toddler nutrition, and the stimulation of child growth and development.
