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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a type of retrovirus that infects and damages immune cells in the body. This virus targets and multiplies within CD4 lymphocyte cells, weakening and eventually destroying the immune system. Untreated HIV leads to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is associated with opportunistic infections such as tuberculosis, diabetes mellitus, and cancer. According to the Indonesian Ministry of Health, in 2022 there were 90,956 HIV cases with 28,501 deaths reported. Cancer is a common disease among HIV patients, who have a 50-200 times higher risk compared to healthy individuals, highlighting the need to reduce cancer incidence through efforts such as providing HIV counselling services, administering ART treatment, and screening for opportunistic infections. This study aims to identify factors associated with cancer incidence in PLHIV using medical record data from Dharmais Cancer Hospital. The research employs a cross-sectional study design. Data analysis was conducted using univariate and bivariate methods, with chi-square tests and prevalence ratios (95% CI) presented. Based on the analysis, significant associations were found between total CD4 count, gender, and opportunistic infections. At Dharmais Cancer Hospital, the relative risk (OR) for total CD4 <200 was 3.843 (95% CI 1.741-8.484), for total CD4 200-499 was 0.595 (95% CI 0.348-1.007), for female PLHIV was 0.447 (95% CI 0.271-0.738), and for PLHIV with opportunistic infections was 0.327 (95% CI 0.248-0.431).
Pendahuluan : Serologi positif IgG mengindikasikan infeksi kronis dari Toxoplasma gondii. Perilaku seksual dianggap sebagai faktor risiko infeksi Toxoplasma gondii, karena adanya temuan keberadaan parasit ini pada cairan semen dan ejakulasi. Hal ini menjadi landasan dalam menjelaskan hubungan infeksi T. gondii dengan hubungan seks oral. Selain itu, infeksi parasit ini berhubungan dengan konsumsi bahan pangan asal hewan, khususnya daging ternak ruminansia yang dimasak dengan tidak matang. Tujuan Penelitian : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor risiko dan merancang model prediksi serologi positif IgG Toxoplasma gondii pada pasien HIV/AIDS yang menjalani terapi ARV di wilayah Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Bekasi yang mendapatkan pendampingan dari yayasan pendamping pasien HIV/AIDS. Metode Penelitian : Desain studi penelitian menggunakan desain potong lintang. Subyek Penelitian adalah 197 pasien HIV. Status serologi IgG positif Toxoplasma gondii diukur menggunakan pemeriksaan ELISA. Hubungan seks oral, hubungan seks anal, konsumsi bahan pangan asal hewan yang dimasak tidak matang (daging ternak ruminansia, daging unggas, ikan dan udang, seafood), konsumsi sayuran mentah, pemeriksaan Toxoplasma gondii pada kucing peliharaan, keberadaan feses kucing di sekitar rumah, kebiasaan tidak mencuci tangan setelah kontak dengan tanah, dan kepemilikan tato merupakan perilaku dan kondisi lingkungan yang diduga menjadi faktor risiko serologi positif IgG Toxoplasma gondii. Hasil Penelitian: Prevalensi serologi positif IgG Toxoplasma gondii pada pasien HIV yang menjalani terapi ARV di wilayah Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, dan Bekasi yang mendapatkan pendampingan dari 4 yayasan pendamping pasien HIV/AIDS adalah 65,48%. Hubungan seks oral (aPR:1,56; β:0,446; 95%CI:1,05-2,31;p<0,026) dan konsumsi daging ternak ruminansia bakar (aPR:4,89; β:1,585; 95%CI:2,51-9,50;p<0,001) merupakan faktor risiko serologi positif IgG Toxoplasma gondii. Analisis permodelan menghasilkan model Prediksi Serologi IgG Toxoplasma gondii pada pasien HIV yang menjalani terapi ARV dan mendapatkan pendampingan dari 4 yayasan pendamping pasien HIV di wilayah Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, dan Bekasi. Status serologi tersebut dapat diukur menggunakan pengamatan hubungan seks oral dan konsumsi daging ruminansia bakar. Model ini memiliki tingkat akurasi, sensitivitas, dan spesifisitas model prediksi ini mencapai 87,31%, 97,67%, dan 67,65%. Kesimpulan : Hubungan seks oral dan konsumsi daging ruminansia bakar merupakan faktor risiko serologi positif IgG Toxoplasma gondii pada pasien HIV/AIDS. Proses penapisan (screening) untuk memperkirakan status serologi IgG Toxoplasma gondii, dapat dilakukan dengan mengukur hubungan seks oral dan konsumsi daging ruminansia bakar, bersamaan dengan pemeriksaan HIV. Rujukan pemeriksaan serologi Toxoplasma gondii direkomendasikan untuk diberikan kepada pasien HIV/AIDS yang berhubungan seks oral dan mengonsumsi daging ruminansia bakar. Keywords : Toxoplasma gondii; hiv; sexual behaviour; risk factor; prediction model
Introduction: IgG-positive serology indicates Toxoplasma gondii chronic infection. Sexual behaviour is considered a risk factor for Toxoplasma gondii infection, due to the presence of this parasite in semen and ejaculate fluids. This finding explains the relationship between T. gondii infection and oral sex. Several studies stated that parasitic infection is related to the consumption of food of animal origin, especially ruminant livestock meat that is undercooked. Research Objectives: This study aims to determine risk factors and design a positive Serology Prediction Model for IgG Toxoplasma gondii in HIV/AIDS patients undergoing ARV therapy in the Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Bekasi areas who receive assistance from HIV/AIDS foundations. Research Method: The design of this study uses a cross-section design. The research subjects were 197 HIV patients. The Serological Status of IgG positive for Toxoplasma gondii was measured using an ELISA methods. Oral sex, anal sex, consumption of food from undercooked animals (ruminant meat, poultry, fish and shrimp, seafood), consumption of raw vegetables, health monitoring in pet cats, the presence of cat faces around the house, the habit of not washing hands after contact with the ground, and the possession of tattoos are behaviours and environmental conditions that are suspected to be risk factors for positive serology IgG Toxoplasma gondii. Results: The prevalence of IgG Toxoplasma gondii positive serology in HIV patients undergoing ARV therapy in the Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, and Bekasi areas who received assistance from 4 HIV/AIDS patient companion foundations was 65.48%. Oral sex (aPR: 1.56; β: 0.446; 95%CI: 1.05-2.31; p<0.026) and consumption of grilled ruminant livestock (aPR: 4.89; β: 1.585; 95%CI: 2.51-9.50; p<0.001) is a positive serological risk factor for IgG Toxoplasma gondii. The modelling analysis produced a Serological Prediction model of IgG Toxoplasma gondii in HIV patients undergoing ARV therapy and received assistance from 4 HIV patient assistance foundations in the Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, and Bekasi areas. The serologic status can be measured using observation of oral sex and consumption of grilled ruminant meat. This model has the level of accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of this prediction model reaching 87.31%, 97.67%, and 67.65%. Conclusion: Oral sex and consumption of grilled ruminant meat are risk factors for IgG Toxoplasma gondii positive serology in HIV/AIDS patients. The screening process to estimate the serological status of IgG Toxoplasma gondii can be done by measuring oral sex and consumption of grilled ruminant meat, along with HIV screening. Toxoplasma gondii serology test is recommended to be given to HIV/AIDS patients who have oral sex and consume grilled ruminant meat. Keywords : Toxoplasma gondii; HIV; sexual behaviour; risk factor; prediction model
