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Bahan kimia menimbulkan keterbahayaan pada lingkungan kerja dan pekerja itu sendiri. Oleh karena itu, pengelolaan dan pengamanan bahan kimia, harus dilakukan untuk melindungi pekerja dari efek yang merugikan. Pekerja harus mendapatkan perlindungan dari dampak yang diakibatkan oleh bahanbahan kimia di tempat kerja.
Laboratorium merupakan suatu tempat dimana banyak dilakukan kegiatan yang menggunakan bahan-bahan kimia. Potensi bahaya yang ditimbulkan antara lain bersifat toksik atau beracun, iritan, karsinogenik, korosif, mudah terbakar dan meledak.
Untuk mengetahui paparan bahan kimia di ternpat kerja, dalam hal ini merkuri, penulis melakukan penelitian dengan obyek penelitian adalah pekerja di Balai Laboratorium Kesehatan Bandar Lampung. Pengukuran kadar merkuri menggunakan spektrofotometri serapan atom, dengan spesimen yang diambil adalah rambut pekerja.
Hubungan paparan merkuri dengan kadar merkuri pada rambut pekerja laboratorium melibatkan variabel lamanya masa kerja, umur pekerja dan kadar merkuri diudara ruang kerja. Kadar merkuri pada rambut pekerja, dibandingkan dengan rata-rata tertinggi kadar merkuri di rambut pads komunitas yang dikeluarkan oleh WHO, yaitu sebesar 2,0 ppm.
Dari sejumlah 49 orang pekerja laboratorium, yang memenuhi kriteria sebagai sampel hanya 45 orang, dimana yang bekerja dibagian teknis sebanyak 29 orang, sedangkan yang bekerja dibagian non teknis sebanyak 16 orang.
Diperoleh hasil pengukuran kadar merkuri di udara ruang kerja laboratorium masih dibawah nilai ambang batas ( NAB ), tetapi paparan yang terus menerus akan mengakibatkan akumulasi merkuri didalam tubuh, walaupun konsentrasinya dibawah nilai ambang batas.
Hasil analisis bivariat terhadap variabel lamanya masa kerja, umur pekerja dan kadar merkuri diudara ruang kerja bagian teknis didapatkan hubungan yang signifikan antara variabel tersebut dengan kadar merkuri pada rambut pekerja.
Pada hasil akhir dari analisis regresi multivariate tidak didapatkan hubungan yang bermakna antara variabel dependent dan independent Hal ini disebabkan karena ukuran sampel yang kecil dan distribusi data penelitian yang tidak normal.
Chemicals agent can not be separated with human's life. The benefit of the materials is to increase public's welfare especially that is related to disease control, agricultural productivity, mineral extract in mining, household's necessity and so on.
Chemicals agent may endanger the workers, work environment_ Therefore, materials' management and safety must be carried out for the sake of workers' protection from side effect. The workers need to be protected from the effects that cause by the materials in their work places.
Laboratory is a place where many activities using chemicals agent are conducted. Harmful potentials are caused by toxic agents, irritant, carcinogenic, corrosive chemicals, flammable and explosives substances.
To know the exposured of chemical materials in the work places, especially mercury, the writer conducted a research where the laboratory personnel of Bandar Lampung Health Laboratory were the object of the research. The measurement of the mercury level was by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, and the specimen materials taken were personnel's hair.
The relationship of mercury's exposure to the level of mercury within the laboratory's personnel hair involved length of work variable, personnel's age and level of mercury within the air in the working room. Mercury's level within the and level of mercury within the air in the working room. Mercury's level within the workers' hair were compared with the highest average mercury level within the hair in the community, that issued by WHO is 2.0 part per million.
From 49 laboratory's personnel, those fulfill the sample's criteria were 45, who 29 of them worked in technical section, and 16 others worked in non-technical section.
The obtained result from the measurement of mercury level in the working room at the laboratory remained below Threshold Limit Value (TLV). However, continual mercury's exposure may result mercury accumulation within the body, though its concentration was below the TLV.
The result of bivariat analysis from the variables of length of work, workers' age, and mercury level within the air in the technical section working room showed that there was a significant relationship between the variables and mercury level within workers' hair.
On the final result from multivariate regression analysis, not be obtained fairly significant relationship between dependent and independent variables. This problems caused by sample size was so small and spreading for data was not proportional.
Kata kunci: Merkuri, Gangguan Saraf, Pekerja
Research into the analysis of mercury levels in hair with impaired central nervous system function for gold mining workers, was conducted to provide a reference to the impact of mercury use and its prevention for public health. The method in this research use cross sectional design. This research used secondary data from Ministry of Health, with 119 miners as samples. The results of the measurement of mercury in the hair of workers, obtained 77.9% above normal, Biology Exposure Index value ≤ 3μg / g (ACGIH, 2005). Analysis of mercury levels in the hair with impaired function of the central nervous system, the statistical calculation showed no significant relationship, but workers with high mercury levels risked 3.12 times, 95% CI (0.67 - 14.36) against impaired functioning of the nervous system center. Analysis of various confounding factors, namely: Length of exposure, consumption of fruits, fish consumption, pesticide and or insecticide use and smoking habits, based on statistical calculations, only the use of pesticides has a constant relationship between them and 3.97 times risk, 95% (1.51 - 10.43) against impaired functioning of the central nervous system. The result of multivariate analysis, obtained by respondent with high mercury in hair, had 2.82 times greater risk with 95% CI (0,595-13,379) for impaired function of central nervous system after controlled variable of pesticide usage. Prevention and control of health impacts due to the use of mercury should involve various parties, government, private and public, through elimination, substitution, technical and administrative control programs.
Keywords: Mercury, Neurological Disorders, Workers
Berkembangnya sektor industri di negara kita, selain memberikan dampak positif juga memberikan dampak negatif terutama terhadap lingkungan berupa pencemaran air karena merkuri. Salah satu kota yang berpotensi mengalami pencemaran air adalah Kota Pontianak. Hal ini disebabkan antara lain karena Kota Pontianak merupakan salah satu lokasi penambangan emas.Polutan merkuri di Pulau Kalimantan diperkirakan sebesar 61 ton setiap tahunnya untuk kegiatan penambangan emas skala kecil dan berdasarkan hasil penelitian dari Universitas Tanjungpura pada Bulan Agustus 2000 diketahui bahwa kandungan merkuri di sepanjang Sungai Kapuas dan anak-anak sungainya, serta pada biota sungai (beberapa jenis ikan), dan pada contoh air PDAM telah melebihi ambang batas. Pencemaran tersebut perlu ditangani serius karena Sungai Kapuas sampai saat ini berfungsi sebagai bahan baku Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (PDAM) Kota Pontianak.Penelitian bertujuan untuk mendapatkan informasi mengenai besarnya pajanan merkuri dalam rambut masyarakat Kota Pontianak. Disamping itu untuk mempelajari hubungan karakteristik responden (umur, jenis kelamin, pekerjaan, dan lama tinggal) serta kebiasaan makan ikan dengan kadar merkuri dalam rambut.Penelitian ini merupakan analisis data sekunder dari hasil studi Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Kalimantan Barat dan Direktorat Penyehatan Air Ditjen P2M & PL tahun 2000, dengan rancangan Cross Sectional, populasi adalah masyarakat Kota Pontianak pelanggan PDAM. Sampel adalah kepala keluarga / anggota keluarga; umur minimal 15 tahun; tinggal minimal 1 tahun: bersedia diambil sampel rambut dan urin yang diambil dengan metode klaster sebanvak 240 responden.Hasil penelitian menunjukan rata-rata kadar merkuri dalam rambut responden 0,9512 µg,/g (95% CI: 0,4534-1,4490), median 0,2900 µg/g, modus 0,00: µg/g, kadar merkuri terendah 0,00 µg/g dan tertinggi 52,57 µg/g. Sebaran kadar merkuri dalam rambut vaitu sebanvak 79 orang mempunyai kadar merkuri antara 0,00-0,09 µg/g 26 orang > 1,47 µg/g, dan sisanya adalah 0,10-1,30 µg/g.Pada kelompok usia 25 - 34 tahun mempunyai proporsi masyarakat yang rambutnya mengandung merkuri lebih besar dibandingkan dengan kelompok umur lainnya. Responden yang frekuensi makan ikan setiap hari memiliki proporsi masyarakat yang rambutuva mengandung merkuri lebih besar dibandingkan dengan kelompok frekuensi makan ikan lainnva. Tidak ada hubungan antara jenis kelamin, pekerjaan, dan lama tinggal di Pontianak dengan kadar merkuri dalam rambut.Melihat kecenderungan peningkatan pencemaran air karena merkuri, maka perlu ditingkatkan kerjasama Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Kalimantan Barat dengan sektor terkait, melakukan sosialisi / penyuluhan kepada masyarakat tentang bahaya akibat pencemaran merkuri, pemeriksaan kadar merkuri secara berkala baik pada air sungai dan ikannya maupun hasil laut, perlu teknologi altematif yang lebih tepat.Perlu dilakukan penelitian yang serupa pada ?kelompok risiko tinggi? yang dilengkapi dengan mengetahui banvaknya ikan yang dikonsumsi setiap hari (beral) serta pemeriksaan kadar merkuri yang terkandung didalamnva. Metoda lain adalah dengan cara melakukan pemeriksaan kadar merkuri dalam rambut responden sentimeter per sentimeter karena setiap sentimeter helai rambut dapat disamakan dengan kira-kira 1 bulan pemajanan.
The development of industrial sector in Indonesia, beside its positive impacts, also generates negative impacts on environment such as mercury pollution in water. Pontianak City is one potential area to be polluted by mercury because, among others, Pontianak City is gold mining location.Mercury as pollutant in Kalimantan Island was predicted to be present as many as 61 tones each year for small-scale gold mining activity. Study by Tanjungpura University in August 2000 indicated that mercury level along the Kapuas River and its small canals, and in river biotic (several types of fish), as well as in PDAM (Local Office of Drinking Water) water supply had exceeded the accepted limit. This pollution needs to be seriously handled because Kapuas River is main water provider for PDAM of Pontianak City.This study aims to obtain information on the magnitude of mercury exposure measured in hair mercury level among community of Pontianak City and to understand the relationship between respondent's characteristics (age, sex, working status/job, and length of stay) and fish eating habit with hair mercury level. This study was secondary data analysis from the primary study by Health Office of West Kalimantan and Directorate of Water Hygiene year 2000, employed a cross-sectional design, with community members subscribed to PDAM as population. 240 sample was chosen using cluster method, head/member of a family, minimum age of 15 years old, stay at least 1 year, and willing to participate in hair and urine tests.The results showed that the average mercury level in hair was 0.9512 µg/g (95 % Cl: 0,4534-1,4490), median 0.2900 µg/g, the lowest mercury level was 0.00 µg/g and the highest was 52.57µg/g. The distribution of hair mercury level was 79 respondents had 0,00-0,09 µg/g, 26 respondents had > 1,47 µg/g and the rest had 0,10-1,30 µg/g mercury level.The age group of 25-34 years old had greater proportion of respondents with higher level of hair mercury compared to other age ranges. Respondents who eat fish daily had higher proportion of high hair mercury level compared to other frequency of fish eating.There is no relationship between sex, working status / job, and length of stay in Pontianak with hair mercury level.Observing the increasing trend of water mercury pollution, the collaboration between Health Office of West Kalimantan and other related sectors needs to be improved, as to provide socialization / education to the community members on the dangers of mercury pollution, routine mercury level check both in the river and fish:, and needs more appropriate alternative technology.There is a need to conduct similar research among "the high risk group" including the documentation on how many fish eaten daily (in weight) as well as checking its mercury content. Other method is by examining mercury level in hair centimeter by centimeter because each centimeter of hair shaft equals to a month exposure.
