Health Care-Associated Infection (HAIs) telah menjadi topik besar dari tahun ketahun. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan berat lahir dengan ketahanan bayi terhadap infeksi aliran darah (IAD). Variabel lain yang ikut dianalisis hubungannya dengan ketahanan bayi terhadap IAD adalah, jenis kelamin, usia gestasi, APGAR, kelainan kongenital, usia ibu saat melahirkan, penyakit maternal dan penggunaan alat invasif seperti kateter intravena, ETT dan NC-CPAP.

Desain penelitian adalah kohort retrospektif dengan menggunakan metode Kaplan Meier, menggunakan rekam medis pasien perinatologi Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo.tahun 2012. Selama periode pengamatan, dari 298 bayi yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi penelitian, diketahui ketahanan terhadap IAD pada non BBLR 72,4% dibandingkan dengan BBLR 69,3%. Insiden IAD sebesar 8,7 % (5,9/1000) dengan median waktu ketahanan terhadap infeksi adalah 10 hari. Berat lahir memiliki efek protektif terhadap IAD sebesar 0,54 (p > 0,05), sedangkan kateter sentral diketahui memiliki efek resiko yang besar terhadap kejadian IAD (HR= 6,5; 95% CI: 2,4-17,6; p< 0,001).

Health Care-Associated Infection (HAIs) has become a major topic from year to year. The objective of this study was to assess relation of birth weight to Blood Stream Infections (BSI) survival rate in neonates. Other variables were also analyzed related to survival rate were sex, gestational age, APGAR score, congenital abnormality, maternal age, maternal disease and presence of invasive devices such as intravenous catheters, ETT and NC-CPAP.

This was a retrospective cohort study with Kaplan Meier method, using patients? medical record of Unit Perinatology National General Hospital of Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo in 2012. During study period, among 298 infants who met inclusion criterias, survival rate of BSI in LBW was 72,4% compared with 69,3% in HBW. Total incidence of BSI was 8,7% (5,9 / 1000) with a median survival time was 10 days. Birth weight has a protective effect on BSI of 0,54 (p> 0,05), while central catheters are known to have highly effect on BSI (HR = 6.5, 95% CI: 2,4 to 17,6, p <0,001).

Penyediaan air minum merupakan salah satu kebutuhan utama bagi manusia untuk hidup dan menjadi faktor penentu dalam kasehatan dan kesejahteraan manusia. Dalam memenuhi kebutuhan air minum masyarakat lebih meyukai air minum dalam kanasan(AMDK) yang ini adalah ada hubungan antara kualitas bakteriologis air minum depot dengan kejadian diare pada bayi di Kecamatan Cimanggis Kota Depok tahun 2008. Data yang dihasilkan dianalisa secara univarial, bivariat, multivariat dan uji interaksi. Secara staristik faktor berisiko yang menyebabkan terjadinya diare di Kecamatan Cimanggis Kota Depok adalah 1.) Higiene dan sanitasi makanan dan minuman 2). Perilaku cuci tangan ibu/pengasuh bayi, dan 3). Sumber air bersih lain, Pada multivaxiat faktor yang paling dominan yang berhubungan dengan kejadian diare Serta model akhir terjadinya diare pada bayi di Kota Depok tahun 2008 adalah "Faktor Perilaku Cuci Tangan Ibu yang berinteraksi dengan hygiene sanitasi makanan-minuman secara bersamaan", dengan OR sebesar 4,554 kali diproduksi oleh industri besar dan mewah melalui proses yang otomatis sem disertai pengujian laboratorium sebelum air tasebut diedarknn sehingga dianggap lebih praklis dan higienis. Namun AMDK semakin mahal dan masyarakat beralih pada air minum dari depot air minum yang harganya 1/3 dari AMDK walaupun masyarakat masih meragukan kualitasnya karena belum ada informasi yang jelas mengenai proses, perizinan dan peraturan tentang peredaran dan pengawasannya. Sedangkan pesyaratan kualitas air untuk keperluan minum dan rumah tangga haruslah memenuhi persyaratan fisik, kimia, bakteriologis dan radioaktif. Persyaraian bakteriologis mempunyai peranan yang sangat penting dalam menimbulkan gangguan kesehatan atau penyakit gangguan saluran pencernaan karena sifatnya yang akut seperti diare bila kualitas bakteriologis tidak tapenuhi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji hubungan antara kualitas bakteriologis (Ecoly air minum depot, sarana sanitasi lingkungan (sarana air bersih, Jamban keluarga dan sarana pembuangan sampah), higiene dan sanitasi makanan/minuman, perilaku cuci tangan ibu/pengasuh bayi, karakteristik bayi (status gizi, stmus irnunisasi, ) dan karakteristik keluarga bayi (pendidikan ibu dan pmdapatan keluarga) dengan kejadian diare pada bayi di Kecamatan Cimanggis Kota Depok tahun 2008. Disain penelitian adalah kasus komrol, dengan jumlah sampel pada kasus sebesar 75 responden dan kontrol 75 responden. Hipomis dalam penelitian.

Dringking Water is one ofthe main needs for people to live and a key factor in the health and welfare of human, In meeting the needs of drinking water, more people like drinking water in the packaging (AMDK) produced by big industry and has been through automatic process and testing laboratory before distributed so that it is considered more practical and hygienic. However AMDK the more expensive and people move on drinking water from drinking water depot price of 1 / 3 of AMDK Although people are still doubting to the quality because there is no clear information about the process, licensing and regulation of circulation and control. While the requirements of water quality for drinking and household must meet the requirements of the physical, chemical, bacteriological and radioactive. Terms of bacteriological (E.eoli) has a "very important roie inthe cause health or disease interference charutel is due to the digestion such as acute diarrhea if the quality is not met. This study aims to examine the relationship between the quality of bacteriological (E.coIi) depot drinking water, environmental sanitation facilities (water, toilet facilities and household waste disposal), hygiene and sanitation, food / beverage, hand-washing behavior of U18 mother / baby sitter, characteristics baby (nutrition status, immunization status,) and family characteristics of infants (maternal education and family income) with diarrhea outbreak in infants in the District Cimanggis Depok City in 2008. Research design is the case with 75 cases and 75 control. Hypothesis in this research is: is there any relation between water quality (E. coli) &om water reilling station with incidence of baby diarrhea 7 Data taken from observation is analyzed by univariate, bivariate, interaction test and of multivariate. From statistical view the risk factors that cause diarrhea in District Cimanggis Depok are; 1). Hygiene and sanitation, food and beverages. 2). Hand-washing behavior ofthe mother/ baby sitter, and 3). Another source of clean water. The most dominant factor related to the diarrhea outbreak and the end of a model of diarrhea in infants in the city oflakarta in 2008 is a "factor ofwashirrg Hands with Mother of Hygiene, sanitation, food drink together" with the OR of 4.554 times.

Cakupan pelayanan air minum di Indonesia masih rendah, hanya 40% masyarakat di perkotaan dan kurang dari 30% masyarakat pedesaan yang tersambung dengan jaringan air minum PDAM. Data kualitas air bcrsih di Kota Tangerang dari tahun 2004-2006 menunjukkan penurunan kuaiitas kimia rnaupun bakteriologis. Air dapat berperan sebagai transmisi penularan suatu penyakit seperti diare, melalui kumau-kurnan yang ditularkan lewat jalur air (waier borne disease) atau jalur peralatan yang dicuci dengan air (water washed disease). Di Kota Tangerang tahun 2005 diarc mencrnpati urutan ketiga untuk golongan urnur 1-4 tahun. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi diare adalah lingkungan, status gizi, kependudukan, pendidikan, keadaan sosial ekonomi dan perilaku masyarakat. Tujuan penclitian ini untuk rnelihat apakah kejadian diare pada balita disebabkan oleh karena kualitas air minum yang secara bakteriologis tidak memenuhi syarat dcngan mnnggunakan desain penelitian kasus kontrol. Unit analisis penelitian ini adalah balita usia 9-59 bulan dengan total hesar sampel untuk kasus dan kontrol adalah 250. Teknik pengambilan sampel secara quota, dimana dari 25 Puskesmas yang ada setiap Puskesmas hanya diarnbil 5 kasus dan 5 kontrol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada hubungan antara E. coli dalam air minum dengan kejadian diarc pada balita. Variabel kondisi jamban keluarga sebagai confounding. Keberadaan E. coli dalam air minum berhubungan secara signiiikan dengan kejadian diare pada balita setelah dikontrol oleh variabel kondisi jamban keluaxga. Disarankan perlu diadakan penyuluhan kepada masyarakat tentang cara penoegahan diare yaitu dengan melakukan pemeliharaan sumber air bersih, jamban keluarga dan hygiene perorangan khususnya cuci tangan serta selalu mcmasak air bersih sampai mendidih sebelum dikonsumsi sebagai air minum dan mcncuci Serta merebus botol dan tempat makan/minum balita.

Drinking water coverage in Indonesia is quite low, only 40% urban resident and less than 30% village resident that connected with drinking water system. Clean water quality data at Tangerang City from 2004 - 2006 shows chemical and bactcriology quality reduction. Water could'act as infection transmission of certain disease such as diarrhea through germs from water trail (water borne disease) or equipment trail washed with water (water washed disease). At Tangerang City year 2007 diarrhea located on third place for 1 - 4 years old group age. Factors affecting diarrhea are environment, nutrition status, residence, education, social economy condition and public behavior. This research aim to observe diarrhea cases in toddlers caused by drinking water quality as bacteriology is not fulfilling prereqnirement. This research is using case control research design. Research analysis unit is toddlers? age of 9 - 59 months with total sample for case and control as much as 250. Sample gathering technique performed as quota, where fiom 25 Puskesmas in every Puskesmas only took 5 cases and 5 controls. Research result shows that there is relation between E. coli in drinking water and diarrhea on toddlers. Variable of family toilet condition is confounding. E coli in drinking water as significantly related with diarrhea on toddlers after controlled by variable of family toilet condition. Suggested need counseling to public toward diarrhea prevention, maintain hygiene water source and family toilet and individual hygiene especially rinse. Also suggested to boil hygiene water until boiled before consumed as drinking water, washing and boiling bottle and toddlers lunch I box/drinking bottle.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan evaluasi program latihan Klub Jantung Sehat Pondalisa sekaligus mengetahui hubungan frekuensi dan keteraturan senam terhadap penurunan tekanan darah. Dengan demikian diharapkan akan didapatkan tekanan darah yang terkendali pada anggota KJS Pondalisa khususnya dan masyarakat usia dewasa tua umumnya. Studi kohort retrospektif dilakukan dengan menggunakan data yang terdapat pada buku anggota KJS Pondalisa. Digunakan pendekatan analisis Cox Regression untuk melihat efek frekuensi dan keteraturan senam yang telah dilakukan oleh para anggota KJS Pondalisa selama 1 tahun pertama keanggotaan terhadap penurunan tekanan darah. HR (hazard ratio) digunakan sebagai estimasi RR (risiko relatif) efek frekuensi dan keteraturan senam terhadap penurunan tekanan darah. Anatisis multivariat digunakan untuk mengendalikan variabel-variabel perancu. Sebanyak 132 data anggota K7S Pondalisa dianalisis dalam penelitian ini. Dalam 1 tahun pertama keanggotaan terdapat 11,36% anggota yang melakukan senam 2x1minggu, 39,39 % anggota yang melakukan senam > 8 minggu (9-15 minggu) berturut-turut, dan 11,36% anggota yang melakukan senam 2xlminggu selama > 8 minggu (9-15 minggu) berturut-turut. Tidak ada anggota yang melakukan senam 3xlminggu sesuai program dan tidak ada anggota yang melakukan senam 2x1minggu selama < 8 minggu berturut-turut_ Keteraturan senam anggota maksimum selama 15 minggu. Didapatkan penurunan tekanan darah pada 32,58 % anggota dengan rata-rata penurunan tekanan darah sistolikldiastolik sebesar 6 mmHg/4 mmHg yang dapat dipertahankan minimal selama 1 bulan. Besarnya penurunan TD ini diharapkan dapat bermanfaat dalam menurunkan angka kesakitan dan kematian akibat hipertensi; sedikitnya dapat memperlambat perjalanan penyakit hipertensi serta bermanfaat dalam pencegahan primer. Efek frekuensi senam 2xlminggu terhadap penurunan tekanan darah meningkat sebesar 1 Va dibandingkan dengan frekuensi senam < 2xlminggu [RR 1,01;95%CI [0,43-2,38]. Efek senam teratur 9-15 minggu berturut-turut terhadap penurunan tekanan darah meningkat sebesar 36 % dibandingkan dengan senam teratur < 8 minggu berturut-turut [RR 1,36;95%CI [0,63-2,93]. Senam yang dilakukan 2xlminggu selama 9-15 minggu berturut-tunrt memberikan manfaat penurunan tekanan darah sebesar 34 % dibandingkan dengan senam

The aim of this research is to evaluate the performance of `Klub Jantung Sehat Pondalisa' as well as the association of frequency and regularity of exercise with blood pressure reduction. The long-term benefit achieved will be adequate control of blood pressure among members of the club and adults as a whole. Retrospective cohort study was conducted, using data found on the member's logbook. Cox Regression analysis approach was used to find the benefit of blood pressure reduction through exercise's frequency and regularity which have been done by all member of KJS Pondalisa during the first year of membership. HR (hazard ratio) was used to estimate the RR (relative risk) of both exercise's frequency and regularity to reduce blood pressure. Confounders were adjusted by multivariate analysis. There were 132 members analyzed in this research. In the first year of membership, there were 11.36% members doing exercise twice weekly, 39.39 % members doing exercise > 8 weeks (9-15 weeks) regularly, and 11.36% members doing exercise twice weekly in > 8 weeks (9-15 weeks) regularly. There were no member doing exercise thrice weekly as programmed. There were no member doing exercise twice weekly in < 8 weeks regularly. The maximum exercise's regularity was 15 weeks. There were 32.58 % blood pressure reduction among members. The mean systolic/diastolic reduction which can be maintained for at least I month were 6 mmHg/4 mmHg, This amount of BP reduction might reduce morbidity and mortality among hypertensives; at least might retard the natural history of hypertension and give benefit to primary prevention. The effect of twice weekly's exercise on blood pressure reduction increase 1 % as compared to less than twice weekly's exercise [RR 1,01;95%CI [0,43-2,38]. Effect of doing 9-15 weeks regular exercise on blood pressure reduction increase 36 % as compared to members doing 8 weeks regular exercise [RR 1,36;95%CI [ 0,63-2,93]. Members doing exercise twice weekly in 9-15 weeks regularly get benefit on blood pressure reduction 34 % more as compared to members doing exercise less than twice weekly in < 8 weeks regularly [RR 1,34;95% CI [0,50-3,60]. There were no difference in blood pressure reduction between members doing exercise less than twice weekly in 9-15 weeks regularly and members doing exercise less than twice weekly in < 8 weeks [RR 0,99;95% CI [ 0,42-2,32]. From this research, we conclude that there was no different effect of blood pressure reduction between twice weekly's exercise and less than twice weekly's exercise. The effect of exercise in 9-15 weeks regularly toward blood pressure reduction is bigger compared with effect of twice weekly's exercise. This fording shows the importance of maintaining exercise's regularity to get benefit of reducing blood pressure. The benefit of twice weekly's exercise for blood pressure reduction will be achieved when it is conducted in 9-15 weeks regularly. Although exercise has been conducted regularly up to 15 weeks, if done less than twice weekly, it will not yield the benefit of blood pressure reduction. There are still many factors which have not been considered such as the duration and intensity of exercise, the role of anti hypertensive drugs, and the presence of other diseases. All of those factors together with the wide range and inconsistent of confidence interval, make the results of this study fail to show the maximal effect of exercise's frequency and regularity to reduce blood pressure in population. Therefore, further research is needed using several degrees of exercise's frequency and regularity, considering also the above mentioned related factors and bigger number of sample size, to obtain the true benefit of blood pressure reduction and more accurate precision.