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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan efektifitas biaya antara Puskesmas yang menerapkan PAL dengan yang tidak menerapkan PAL dalam penanganan Tuberkulosis Paru di Wilayah Kota Administratif Jakarta Timur, dengan melakukan perhitungan menggunakan metode Activity Based Costing (ABC) untuk mendapatkan biaya per aktifitas. Penilaian efektifitas berdasarkan perbandingan antara penjumlahan komponen biaya pada masing-masing alternatif dengan output penelitian yang meliputi efektifitas pengobatan, Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALY's) serta Kegagalan/drop out yang dapat dihindari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Puskesmas PAL lebih efektif dalam penanganan Tuberkulosis Paru berdasarkan output kegagalan/drop out yang dapat dihindari.
This research purposes to compare cost effectivity between Center of Health which implements PAL and Non PAL in treatment Pulmonary Tuberculosis on administrative district East Jakarta. It uses Activity Based Costing (ABC) method to obtain cost per activity. The effectivity evaluation is based on comparison between total cost component at each alternatives with output consists of medical treatment effectiveness, Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALY's) and prevented failure/drop out. The result shows that Puskesmas with PAL is more effective in Pulmonary Tuberculosis treatment based on prevented failure/drop out.
Tesis ini menganalisis sistem pencatatan dan pelaporan Practical Approach to Lung Health (PAL) pada 6 Puskesmas di Kabupaten Bogor pada tahun 2013. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan wawancara mendalam pada 11 informan dan memeriksa laporan PAL selama bulan Januari-April 2013 pada 6 Puskesmas dengan memperhatikan ketepatan waktu laporan, kelengkapan laporan, dan keakuratan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada perbedaan dalam beberapa faktor input, proses dan output dalam pelaksanaan pencatatan dan pelaporan PAL di Puskesmas yang diteliti. Puskesmas yang memenuhi indikator tampak lebih terorganisasi dengan adanya Tim PAL yang disahkan oleh Kepala Puskesmas, semua pihak tampak berkerjasama dalam melaksanakan pencatatan dan pelaporan PAL setiap hari, dan mempunyai komitmen yang tinggi baik Kepala Puskesmas, kordinator PAL, pelaksana harian dan petugas pencatatan dan pelaporan. Untuk itu, masih dibutuhkan perbaikan secara komprehensif dan terintegrasi melibatkan banyak pihak yang terkait sistem pencatatan dan pelaporan PAL di Puskesmas Kabupaten Bogor.
This thesis discusses Recording and Reporting System of Practical Approach to Lung Health (PAL) in 6 Primary Health Center (Puskesmas) at Bogor District 2013. This research uses qualitative method by conducting in-depth interview to 11 key informants and checking PAL report for 6 Puskesmas since January until April 2013, by considering the timeliness, the completeness of the report, and accuracy. The result shows that there are differences in input, process and output in the the implementation of recording and reporting system. Puskesmas that meet the indicator are more organized with the PAL team authorized by the Head of Puskesmas, all parties cooperate in implementing the PAL recording and reporting every day, and everybody has commitment. Therefore, it is need to have comprenhensive and integrated improvements by involving others stakeholders related to recording and reporting PAL system in Puskesmas.
Penyakit tuberkulosis paru sampai saat ini masih merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang serius terutama di negara-negara berkembang. Indonesia sendiri merupakan negara ke 3 terbanyak penderita tuberkulosisnya setelah India dan China, diperkirakan setiap tahun terjadi 583.000 kasus baru tuberkulosis paru dengan kematian 140.000 penderita.Dalam program penanggulangan tuberkulosis paru ini, tujuan dari pemeriksaan dahak adalah untuk menegakkan diagnosis, menilai kemajuan pengobatan dan menentukan tingkat penularan. Melihat kompleksnya permasalahan pada keteraturan pemeriksaan dahak tersebut mendorong penulis untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor apa saja yang berhubungan dengan ketidakpatuhan pemeriksaan dahak.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui hubungan beberapa faktor terhadap ketidakpatuhan memeriksakan dahak pada fase intensif pengobatan tuberkulosis paru di Kota Sukabumi tahun 2002.Desain penelitian ini adalah kasus kontrol, populasi penelitian adalah penderita tuberkulosis paru berumur ≥ 15 tahun yang berobat di seluruh puskesmas di Kota Sukabumi. Kasus adalah penderita tuberkulosis paru berumur 15 tahun atau lebih yang tidak memeriksakan dahak pada akhir fase intensif pengobatan tuberkulosis paru yaitu pada hari ke 53-60 pada kategori-1 dan kategori-3 atau hari ke 83-90 pada kategori-2 dan kontrol adalah penderita tuberkulosis paru berumur 15 tahun atau lebih yang memeriksakan dahak pada akhir fase intensif pengobatan tuberkulosis paru yaitu pada hari ke 53-60 pada kategori-1 dan kategori-3 atau hari ke 83-90 pada kategori-2. Alat pengumpul data berupa Kartu Pengobatan TB 01 dan kuesioner dengan sampel sebanyak 144 orang yaitu 72 kasus dan 72 kontrol.Hasil analisis bivariat terhadap 12 variabel independen dengan variabel dependen, menghasilkan 4 variabel yang mempunyai hubungan bermakna (p < 0,05). Variabel yang berhubungan dengan ketidakpatuhan memeriksakan dahak pada akhir fase intensif pengobatan tuberkulosis paru adalah pengetahuan yang rendah (OR = 5,58; p = 0,000), sikap yang buruk (OR = 2,25; p = 0,018), status belum/tidak kawin (OR = 2,31; p = 0,020), dan tipe puskesmas (Puskesmas Rujukan Mikroskopis OR = 2,50 dan Puskesmas Pelaksana Mandiri OR= 3,99 dengan nilai p = 0,008).Hasil analisis multivariat dengan menggunakan regresi logistik metode enter dari 6 variabel independen yang menjadi kandidat untuk masuk dalam model (p < 0,25), ternyata hanya 3 variabel yang masuk dalam model akhir yakni; pengetahuan (OR = 8,46 ; p = 0,000), status perkawinan (OR = 4,82 ; p = 0,001) dan tipe puskesmas (Puskemas Rujukan Mikroskopis OR = 2,87, p = 0,014; Puskesmas Pelaksana Mandiri OR = 6,09, p = 0,008 ; Puskesmas Satelit OR = 1,00, p = 0,006).Kemudian disarankan agar lebih mengintensifkan program penyuluhan kesehatan dengan menggunakan leaflet atau poster. Perlunya ditunjuk tenaga PMO yang dibekali dengan buku pintar (buku saku) berisi tentang penyakit tuberkulosis dan cara penanggulangannya secara singkat dan jelas. Petugas laboratorium hendaknya memberikan pengertian kepada setiap penderita tuberkulosis tentang pentingnya pemeriksaan dahak yang teratur dan tepat waktu. Kemudian adanya upaya kemitraan dengan kalangan swasta, organisasi profesi atau Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat.
The Factors Related to in-Obedience for Having Sputum Examination at the End of Intensive Phase of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Treatment at Sukabumi, 2002Pulmonary tuberculosis disease up to present remains a serious public health problem, especially in developing countries. Indonesia is the third biggest country having tuberculosis after India and China, it was estimated that each year occur 583,000 new cases of lung tuberculosis with the death 140,000 sufferers.The National tuberculosis program, smear sputum examination is an important part of the entire processes of pulmonary 'tuberculosis treatment. The objective of the sputum examination for follow up is to make the appropriateness of diagnoses, to measure the progress of the treatment and to determine the level of communication. Considering the problems were complex on the regularity of sputum examination for follow up, it is encourage the writer to determine what factors related to in-obedience of the sputum examination for follow up.The objective of this study is to determine the relationship of some factors of in-obedience of check the sputum at the end of intensive phase of pulmonary tuberculosis treatment in Sukabumi, in 2002. The study design was control cases, with the population are the pulmonary tuberculosis patient?s age ≥ 15 years who have had their treatment at the entire of the Health Centers of Sukabumi City. The tools of data collection were TB 01 treatment card and questionnaires. The total samples was 144 patients, covering of 72-cases group and 72-control' group. Cases are those of 15 years old or over who have not examined their sputum for follow up. Controls are those of 15 years old or over who have their sputum examined for follow up.The result of bivariate analysis of 12 independent variables with dependent variables, shown that four variables having significant relationship (p < 0.05). The variable that related to in-obedience of checking the sputum at the end of the intensive phase of pulmonary tuberculosis treatment were education (OR = 5, 58; p = 0,000), attitude (OR = 2, 25; p = 0,018), marital status (OR = 2, 31; p = 0,020), and type of the Health Center (Microscopic Referral Health Center OR = 2, 50 and Self-implemented Health Center OR = 3, 99 with value p = 0,008).The result of multivariate analysis using logistic regression enter method, out of 6 independent variables who became the candidate to be a model (p < 0,25), the fact that only three variables whom enter at the end of model, i.e. knowledge (OR = 8.46; p = 0,000), marital status (OR = 4.82; p = 0,001) and the type of Health Center (Microscopic Referral Health Center OR = 2.87, p = 0.014; Self-implemented Health Center OR = 6,09, p = 0,008; Satellite Health Center OR = 1.00, p = 0,006).Based on this study, it is recommended to provide more intensive health education in order to improve the attitude and knowledge of the TB patients. Selection of PMO (treatment observer) is crucial. The PMO has to be supplied the pocket book on tuberculosis treatment. The book has to be simple but easy to understand. Besides that, the laboratory technician should give information to every TB patient that they should come to check the sputum for follow up the important of having sputum examination for follow up on routine base and on time has to be explained to the patients. Efforts to increase collaboration to the private sectors, the professionals and non government organization are encouraged.
Emotions experienced by adolescents cause them vulnerable to a variety ofnegative behavioral problems such as declining student achievement, brawl,juvenile delinquency, school dropout and abuse of narcotics, psychotropic andaddictive substances (drugs) to free sex. In times like this, where busy parents inmeeting the needs of working families with precisely the role of teachers inschools greater role than the role of a parent. With a larger portion of the meetingwith the students of course teachers should also be equipped with knowledge ofadolescent mental health. This thesis would like to know the role of Guidance AndCounseling Teacher in the response to adolescent mental health problems studentsof Junior High School in East Jakarta in 2014. Design research conducted in thisresearch is to use cross-sectional study design. The population in this study is theGuidance and Counseling Teacher who served in the Junior High School in EastJakarta Administrative City. The number of the Guidance and Counseling teachersin East Jakarta Administrative City is 293 people. Samples taken amounted to 110people. The experiment was conducted at the Junior High School in East JakartaAdministrative City where teachers teach. Bivariate analysis concluded there wasno significant association between sociodemographic of Guidance AndCounseling Teacher with practice. There is a significant relationship betweenknowledge of the practice of Guidance And Counseling Teacher with p value =0.001. There is no significant relationship between of Guidance And CounselingTeacher attitudes toward adolescent mental health problems in Guidance AndCounseling Teacher practices with p value 0.391. Results of multivariate analysisconcluded that the variables significantly associated with the practice of GuidanceAnd Counseling Teacher is knowledge. Knowledgeable strong correlationbetween educational background with practice, but not significant, which meansthis phenomenon only occurs in the sample, not the populationKey words:Adolescent Mental Health , Guidance And Counseling Teacher, knowledge ,attitude , practice.
Secara Nasional Penyakit TB paru sampai saat ini masih menjadi beban kerja yang berat, karena hampir 70% penderita TB paru adalah penduduk yang berusia produktif terutama mereka yang yang berasal dari ekonomi lemah, RS RK Charitas Kota Palembang merupakan salah satu jalan keluar (outlet) untuk peningkatan cakupan Program Penanggulangan Penyakit TB paru dengan strategi DOTS, sehingga dapat direplikasikan kepada RS swasta lainnya, haI ini terlihat tingginya angka sembuh dari hasil pelaksanaan pengobatan Penyakit TB paru dengan strategi DOTS.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh informasi mendalam tentang proses efektifitas Penanggulangan Penyakit TB paru dengan strategi DOTS di RS RK Charitas Kota Palembang, dengan melihat dari pendekatan sistem, yang terdiri dari komponen masukan (input) terdiri dari tenaga pelaksana yang dilihat dari pengetahun, lama kerja, beban kerja dan sikap, serta dana, obat, sarana dan metoda. Komponen proses dilihat dari perencanaan, pelaksanaan dan monitoring. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metoda Kualitatif, di mana pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan melaksanakan wawancara mendalam (WM) dengan Direktur RS, Ketua tim Penanggulangan Penyakit TB paru serta Perawat kesehatan dan tenaga Farmasi yang bertugas di Poliklinik DOTS.Dari hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses Penanggulangan Penyakit TB paru dengan strategi DOTS di RS RK Charitas Palembang secara keseluruhan telah herhasil dengan baik, sesuai dengan Pedoman Nasional Penanggulangan Penyakit TB paru Departemen Kesehatan RI yaitu angka kesembuhan >85%, Drop out <10% dan angka kambuh 4,5%, Namun walau demikian masih terdapat kendala baik di komponen masukan (Input) maupun di pelaksanaan kegiatan. Untuk mereplikasikan keberhasilan Penanggulangan Penyakit TB paru dengan strategi DOTS ke RS swasta lainnya, maka perlu Political Komitmen dari Pimpinan RS, dan pemberian makanan tambahan, bebas biaya retribusi setiap kunjungan serta PMO dari kalangan keluarga sendiri. Dan pihak penanggung jawab Program Penanggulangan Penyakit TB paru yaitu Dinas Kesehatan Kota Palembang diharapkan untuk memberikan umpan balik dan saran dari hasil kerja RS RK Charitas serta benclunarking RS swasta Iainnya ke RS RK Charitas kota Palembang.
Tuberculosis disease currently is still a major problem, because almost 70% of lung tuberculosis sufferers are people in productive age, especially those from lower income. RK Charitas Hospital of Palembang City as one of outlets for improving the coverage of lung tuberculosis disease overcoming program by DOTS. It seems that this strategy can be applied to the other private hospitals, as it can be seen from the high of recovery rate of result implementation treatment of lung tuberculosis disease by DOTS strategy.The objective of this study is to obtain further information on the process of the effectiveness overcoming of lung tuberculosis disease by DOTS strategy at RK Charitas Hospital of Palembang City. We used system approach that covers of input components that consist of knowledge, working duration, attitude and workload of staff, fund, medicine, means and method. The process component included was planning, implementation and monitoring. This study conducted using qualitative method, where data collected by in-depth interview to the director of the hospital, the chief of the team on lung tuberculosis disease overcoming, nurses, chemistry officer who work at DOTS polyclinic.Based on the result of this study showed that the process of lung tuberculosis disease overcoming by DOTS strategy at RK Charitas hospital of Palembang. It wholly has been success with good result. And it met with the Lung Tuberculosis Disease Overcoming National Guidelines, MOH RI, i.e. recovery rate > 85%, drop-out < 10% and recurrence rate 4,5%, even though is still having obstacle in input component and the implementation activity. To reapply the success of lung tuberculosis disease overcoming by DOTS strategy to other private hospitals, so it needs Political Commitment of the Hospital's leader, and giving additional food, free from retribution each visiting also the PMO from nuclear family. For one who?s responsible to the program on lung tuberculosis overcoming, the Local Health Service of Palembang City, it is hoped to give a feedback and suggestion to the work achievement of RK Charitas Hospital also the benchmark from other private hospitals to RK Charitas Hospital of Palembang City.
ABSTRAK
Pembiayaan kesehatan terus mengalami peningkatan. Beberapa faktor menyebabkan terjadinya peningkatan tersebut. Dampak negatif dari meningkatnya pembiayaan kesehatan adalah menekan kemampuan pemberi dana atau perusahaan untuk menyediakan biaya pelayanan kesehatan bagi karyawan dan keluarga karyawannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat bagaimana hubungan karakteristik peserta dengan angka kunjungan dan biaya penyakit katastropik pada peserta ASO PT. GAMI tahun 2011 ? 2012. Penelitian dilakukan dengan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan disain penelitian cross sectional.
Dari hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa karakteristik peserta yang paling berhubungan dengan angka kunjungan dan biaya penyakit katastropik adalah usia. Klasifikasi benefit as charge dengan limit tahunan mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan dengan biaya penyakit katastropik. Penelitian selanjutnya, bisa lebih menggali variabel periode kepesertaan.
ABSTRACT
Health financing continues to increase. Several factors led to this increase. The negative impact of rising health care financing is pressing lenders or companies ability to provide health care costs for employees and employee families. This study aims to look at how the characteristics of the participants relationship with the number of visits and the cost of catastrophic illness on ASO participants PT. GAMI years 2011-2012. Research is a quantitative approach with a crosssectional study design.
The final conclusion is that the characteristics of the participants are most related to the number of visits and the cost of catastrophic illness is the age. Benefit classification as a charge to annual limit has a significant connection with catastrophic illness costs. For further research could further explore variable period of membership.
