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Diarrhea is an infectious disease that causes death in infants and children under five. The cause of diarrhea is strongly influenced by various risk factors, including child factors and maternal, environment, and family economic factors. This study used a cross sectional study design with univariate, bivariate, and stratified analysis. The data used is secondary data from the 2017 IDHS. The sample used is 906 children under five. The result of this study indicate that there is a significant relationship between the age factor of child under five (nilai p: 0,000; OR=2,54; 95%CI 1,67-3,85) and family sanitation facilities (niai p= 0,004; OR= 1,71; 95%CI 1,19-2,47) with the incidence of diarrhea in children under five. The stratification analysis showed that there was a relation between the age of the child under five and the incidence of diarrhea in children under five according to the mother?s education, history of exclusive breastfeeding, birth weight, are of the residence and family economic.
Difteri merupakan penyakit menular yang dapat menyebabkan kematian. Di Indonesia, Difteri merupakan masalah endemis dimana tingkat kematian Difteri selama lima tahun terakhir mengalami peningkatan yaitu sebesar 1,8% pada tahun 2018 menjadi 8,5% pada tahun 2022. Penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa riwayat vaksinasi dan pemberian Anti Difteri Serum (ADS) merupakan faktor independen yang mempengaruhi kematian akibat Difteri, namun efek gabungan kedua faktor tersebut belum banyak diketahui. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan penelitian dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan riwayat vaksinasi Difteri dan riwayat pemberian ADS dengan kejadian kematian Difteri di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi kasus kontrol dengan menggunakan data sekunder dari laporan surveilans Difteri Kementerian Kesehatan tahun 2018-2022. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan risiko gabungan pada mereka yang tidak divaksinasi dan tidak diberikan ADS sebesar 4,57 kali (95% CI 2,30-9,09) lebih tinggi dibandingkan kasus Difteri dengan riwayat divaksinasi dan diberikan ADS. Risiko indepeden menunjukkan kelompok yang tidak divaksinasi memiliki risiko kematian 3,03 kali (95% CI 1,93-4,75) lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kelompok yang divaksinasi. Sedangkan kelompok yang tidak diberikan ADS memiliki risiko kematian 0,31 kali (95% CI 0,11- 0,82) lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan kelompok yang diberikan ADS, namun hasil ini mungkin masih dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor perancu yang belum dikontrol dalam penelitian ini, sehingga tidak dapat disimpulkan bahwa tidak memberikan ADS justru menurunkan risiko kematian akibat Difteri. Sebanyak 45% kejadian kematian Difteri dikaitkan dengan interaksi antara tidak divaksinasi dan tidak diberikan ADS. Oleh karena itu, penting untuk melakukan upaya bersama untuk meningkatkan cakupan vaksinasi dan pemberian ADS secara tepat untuk menurunkan kejadian kematian akibat Difteri. Kata kunci: Difteri, Vaksinasi, Anti Difteri Serum, Kematian Difteri, Efek Gabungan, Surveilans Difteri.
Diphtheria is an infectious disease that can cause death. In Indonesia, Diphtheria is an endemic problem with an increasing death rate over the last five years by 1.8% in 2018 to 8.5% in 2022. Previous studies have shown that vaccination and administration of diphtheria antitoxin (DAT) affect mortality, but their combined effect is not widely known. Therefore, a study was conducted to determine the relationship between these two factors and Diphtheria mortality in Indonesia. The research used a case-control design with secondary data from the Ministry of Health's 2018-2022 Diphtheria surveillance report. The findings revealed that individuals who were neither vaccinated nor given DAT had a 4.57 times higher risk of death (95% CI 2.30-9.09) than vaccinated and received DAT group. Unvaccinated individuals had a 3.03 times higher risk of death (95% CI 0.11-0.82) than vaccinated individuals. The risk of death was 0.31 times lower (95% CI 0.11-0.82) in those who did not receive DAT. However, it is important to note that these results may still influenced by uncontrolled factors, thus no conclusion can be drawn regarding the reduction of death risk through withholding DAT. Up to 45% of diphtheria-related mortality were linked to the combination of this two factors. To reduce diphtheria deaths, it is essential to enhance immunization coverage and administer DAT properly. Key words: Diphtheria, Vaccination, Anti-Diphtheria Serum, Diphtheria Antitoxin, Diphtheria Mortality, Joint Effect, Diphtheria Surveillance
Birthweight is an important indicator for the health of newborns, because it reflects the nutritional and metabolic conditions of the mother, as well as the development of the fetus during pregnancy. Babies born with low birth weight have short-term and long-term health consequences. Cut off LBW 2500 grams related to infant morbidity and mortality. However, recent studies have shown that babies born weighing
Background. Chemotherapy is a therapeutic modality for elderly with cancer which can pose elderly, especially frail patients, to fatal side effect. To date, there is no prediction model incorporating frailty in clincal practice. This study aims to develop prediction model which includes frailty state evaluation in predicting severe chemotoxicity in elderly. Methods. A retrospective cohort study using secondary data of elderly underwent chemotherapy during 2019-2021 was conducted in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Data of determinants ( sex, age, polypharmacy, frailty status, nutritional status, depression, cognitive status, cancer type, polychemotherapy, and functional status) and the incidence severe chemotherapy side effect according to grade 3-5 CTCAE were collected. Data was analyzed to develop prediction model with Cox regression using SPSS Results. Of 193 subjects, most of them are male, with median age of 65.6 (IQR 60-82) years old. Severe chemotoxicity was found in 36% of the subjects. Prediction model consists of polypharmacy, number of chemotherapy drugs, cancer type and frailty status was developed. The model has AUC of 0.79 (95% CI 0.70-0.88), p value 0,01 Conclusion. A prognostic Model consists of polypharmacy, number of chemotherapy drugs, cancer type and frailty status can predict incidence of severe chemotoxicity in elderly with AUC 0.79 (95%CI 0.70-0.88)
