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Kata kunci: Diabetes melitus tipe 2, prediabetes, stres, dewasa
Prediabetes is a golden period in delaying the occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus because in this period the course of the disease can still be stopped. The study aim was to knowing the impact of stress on the conversion of prediabetes to type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults. This study used retrospective cohort design. The data used are secondary data from the Cohort Study of Risk Factors for Non-Communicable Diseases in Bogor, Indonesia. Data collection in this study was carried out since 2011 until 2015 with a total population of 5890. Based on the exclusion and inclusion criteria, the total of study participants were 1059. During 5 years of follow-up, among prediabetic adults there were 169 subjects categorized as T2DM and 219 subjects categorized as stressed. Bivariate analysis shows that stress and age at baseline is a risk factor on the conversion of prediabetes to T2DM (p < 0,05). Final model on multivariate analysis, shows the hazard ratio of stress was 1.815 (95% CI: 1.307 - 2.520) with p < 0.05. This findings, expected to be used as information and motivation in an effort to make prevention and control of T2DM. Especially in individuals with prediabetes who suffer from stress because it has an impact with conversion of prediabetes to T2DM.
Key words: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, prediabetes, stress, adults
Metode. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain kohort retrospektif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini yaitu pasien COVID-19 yang dirawat di RSUD Al Ihsan pada periode Maret 2020 sampai dengan 31 Desember 2021 dengan kriteria inklusi merupakan pasien konfirmasi COVID-19 melalui pemeriksaan Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) berusia lebih dari sama dengan 18 tahun. Perbedaan probabilitas kesintasan didapatkan dari analisis kesintasan dengan kaplan meier. Analisis Cox Proporsional Hazard digunakan untuk mengetahui hubungan diabetes melitus tipe 2 dengan kematian COVID-19.
Hasil. Sebanyak 308 pasien konfirmasi COVID-19 terlibat dalam penelitian ini. Selama 21 hari pengamatan, probabilitas kesintasan pasien COVID-19 dengan diabetes melitus tipe 2 lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan tanpa diabetes melitus tipe 2 (71,24% vs 84,13%). Sampai akhir pengamatan selama 49 hari, probabilitas kesintasan pasien COVID-19 dengan diabetes melitus tipe 2 menurun dan berbeda dengan pasien COVID-19 tanpa diabetes melitus tipe 2 yang mana probabilitas kesintasannya 48,98% vs 84,13% dengan nilai p 0,0056. Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan secara statistik antara diabetes melitus tipe 2 dengan kematian COVID-19 setelah dikontrol dengan variabel confounder yaitu umur, gejala batuk, ARDS, vaksinasi, gagal ginjal kronis, penggunaan ventilator, terapi antivirus dan persentase BOR Isolasi COVID-19 saat admisi. Hazard ratio adjusted hubungan diabetes melitus tipe 2 dengan kematian COVID-19 pada model akhir analisis multivariat sebesar 2,676 (95% IK 1,24-5,73).
Kesimpulan. Probabilitas kesintasan pasien COVID-19 dengan diabetes melitus tipe 2 lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan pasien COVID-19 tanpa diabetes melitus tipe 2.
Diabetes melitus tipe 2 meningkatkan resiko kematian pada pasien COVID-19.
Introduction. The high prevalence of diabetes in the population causes diabetes to become one of the comorbidities that many COVID-19 patients suffer from. Patients with diabetes have a higher risk of experiencing serious complications from COVID-19 and even death. This study aims to determine the difference in survival probability of COVID-19 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and to determine the relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and COVID-19 mortality at Al Ihsan Hospital, West Java Province.
Methods. This study used a retrospective cohort study design. The population of study were COVID-19 patients who were treated at Al Ihsan Hospital in the period March 2020 to December 31, 2021 with inclusion criteria being confirmed as COVID-19 patients through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) examination and aged ≥ 18 years. Differences in survival probability were obtained from survival analysis with Kaplan-Meier. Cox Proportional Hazard analysis was used to determine the relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and COVID-19 mortality.
Results. Results indicated that a total of 308 confirmed positive COVID-19 patients were involved in this study. During the 21 days of observation, survival probability of COVID-19 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus was lower than those without type 2 diabetes mellitus (71.24% vs. 84.13%). Until the end of the 49-day observation, survival probability of COVID-19 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus decreased and differed from that of COVID-19 patients without type 2 diabetes mellitus which the survival probability was 48.98% vs. 84.13% (p = 0.0056). There was a statistically significant relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and COVID-19 mortality after controlling for confounder variables, age, cough symptoms, ARDS, vaccination, chronic kidney disease, ventilator use, antiviral therapy and the percentage of Bed Occupation Rate COVID-19 isolation at admission. The hazard ratio adjusted relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and COVID-19 mortality in the final model of multivariate analysis was 2,676 (95% CI 1,24-5,73).
Conclusion. It appears that survival probability of COVID-19 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is lower than those without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Type 2 diabetes mellitus increases the risk of death in COVID-19 patients.
Diabetes mellitus is a non-communicable disease that tends to increase. IDFAtlas 2015 data says, DM prevalence in Indonesia ranked 7th in the world. In Indonesia,Riskesdas data showed an increased prevalence of diabetes mellitus from 5.7% (2007)increased to 6.9% (2013). Central obesity is a strong predictor for the occurrence of type2 diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of central obesity based on Riskesdas 2007 data of18.8% increased to 26.6% (Riskesdas, 2013) The objective of the study was toinvestigate the relationship of central obesity to type 2 diabetes mellitus in thepopulation age ≥ 18 years in GERMAS launching area in 2016. Study design cross-sectional study, Analysis using logistic regression test. The analysis results obtainedproportion of type 2 diabetes mellitus by 6.1% and central obesity of 68.9%. In addition,multivariate results showed that the association of central obesity with diabetes mellitustype 2 was found to be POR 3,296 (95% CI 2,344-4,636) meaning that people withcentral obesity had a chance of 3,296 times (95% CI 2,344-4,636) had diabetes mellitustype 2 compared with non-obese residents after being controlled by physical activityand hipertension. Conclusions and suggestions for routine public health checks inPOSBINDU PTM, to perform early detection of central obesity and blood glucoseexamination to capture cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus as early as possible.Keywords:Diabetes mellitus Type 2, central obesity, GERMAS.
Kata kunci: Diabetes mellitus tipe 2, kepatuhan diet, karakteristik individu, faktor psikososial
The level of dietary adherence in Indonesia is still low. Diet in maintaining food is often become an obstacles because the patient is still tempted by all food that can worsen their health. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors that associated with dietary adherence in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. This study was using a cross-sectional design. The samples studied were all type 2 diabetes mellitus type 2 with the age range 25-65 years was outpatient, samples were taken with non-random sampling method with purposive sampling of 130 people. Data were collected through anthropometric measurements, filling-out questionnaires, 1x24 hour food recall and dan (semi- quantitative food frequency questionnaire) SFFQ form. The results showed 13.8% of respondents were diet-compliant. There were significant relationship between gender (p=0.008) and length of suffering (p=0.044) with between dietary adherence. The result of logistic regression test showed that the duration of suffering is the dominant factor associated with dietary adherence in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients were expected to pay attention to the diet recommended and carry it out well, to actively to improve the knowledge related to the disease diabetes mellitus and related to the other factors and still preserve diet that has been run for who has long been suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, dietary adherence, individual characteristics, psychosocial factors
Many studies confirm that obesity is associated with the risk of type2 diabetes, but not many longitudinal studies have observed the incidence of obesity in type2 diabetes. This study aims to determine trends and determinant of obesity in type2 diabetes aged 35-65 years in Bogor City. A longitudinal design study using secondary data from Cohort Study of NCD year 2015-2017. Time series analysis for 3 years found that the trend of obesity prevalence in type2 diabetes decreased from 71.6%, 69.1%, to 64.2%. The trend of risk factors for the incidence of obesity, such as energy, fat intake and physical activity, increased significantly in 2017. The reduction in the prevalence of obesity is associated with changes in healthy lifestyle (intentional weight loss) and due to poor glycemic control or other disease (unintentional weight loss). The results of determinant analysis of the incidence of obesity are known in year 2015 fat intake is a dominant factor (OR:4.88; 95% CI:1.48-16.06) also influenced by gender, with carbohydrate intake as a confounder. In 2016 fat intake was a dominant factor (OR:5.71; 95% CI:1.48-22.03) also influenced by carbohydrate intake, with physical activity, stress, smoking habits and gender as a confounder. In 2017 carbohydrate intake was a dominant factor (OR:6.84; 95% CI:2.13- 21.98) with fat intake as a confounder.
Bankground: Cardiovascular disease, including stroke, is a major health problem in the world. Every year, there are more than 13.7 million new cases and 5.5 million deaths from stroke that occur globally. Based on Riskesdas data in 2018, the prevalence of stroke in Indonesia reached 10.9 per mile. In DKI Jakarta Province, the prevalence of stroke based on doctor's diagnosis increased from 9.7 per mile (2013) to 12.2 per mile (2018). Based on IDF data in 2019, the prevalence of diabetes in Indonesia reached 10.7 million cases and made Indonesia the country with the seventh most cases globally. In addition, according to the Health Social Security Administration (BPJS), the funds used for stroke services continued to increase, namely 1.43 trillion (2016), 2.18 trillion (2017) and 2.56 trillion (2018) and decreased to 2. 1 Trillion (2020). Although there is a decline in 2020, stroke is still ranked third as a provider of BPJS social security funds. Diabetes mellitus which is a risk factor for stroke has increased prevalence in DKI Jakarta Province from 2.5% (2013) to 3.4% (2018). Objective: To determine the relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and the incidence of stroke in the population aged 18 years. In DKI Jakarta Province in 2018. Methods: The study was conducted with quantitative methods and used an analytical cross-sectional study. The data source used in this study is secondary data from Riskesdas 2018. There are 1,537 samples analyzed according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Based on the results of the analysis, the prevalence of stroke was 1.6% and type 2 diabetes mellitus was 7.7%. There is a significant relationship between the variables of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the incidence of stroke. In addition, covariate variables such as age (POR=5.26; 95%CI: 2.28-12.12), occupation (POR=2.63; 95%CI: 1.12-6.19), hypertension ( POR=9.52; 95%CI: 2.83-32.06), and heart disease (POR=5.30; 95%CI: 1.75-16.04) were also significantly associated with the incidence of stroke. Based on the stratification analysis, it was found that the variables that became the interaction effect (modification) were education, hypertension, and heart disease. Meanwhile, the confounding variables were age, education, hypertension, and heart disease. Conclusion: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is an important risk factor to consider in the prevention and control of stroke in Indonesia.
Until 2021, the IDF reports that around 537 million adults live with diabetes and that number is projected to continue to increase, and 90% of them are type 2. One of the main factors that can increase the risk of type 2 Diabetes mellitus is air pollution, including PM2.5 pollutants. However, research on this topic has not been widely studied, especially in Indonesia, so to examine further, this study was conducted to determine the description of factors related to PM2.5 exposure and individual factors in increasing the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus based on a systematic review of the literature. A total of 12 literatures in the form of scientific journal articles from various countries published in 2013-2021 were synthesized in this study. Based on a systematic study, it is known that the risk factors for long-term PM2.5 exposure, high PM2.5 concentrations, and living in densely populated areas, close to roads, and in areas with industrial activity can increase the risk of type 2 Diabetes mellitus. They may be more vulnerable in the population with an older age (> 40 years) and a BMI of overweight (25 kg/m3-30 kg/m3) or obese (30 kg/m3). However, the risk factors for sex are higher in men and in those who have stopped or have never smoked, which is a new finding that is different from previous theories and research, so further research needs to be done along with other risk factors.
