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Dwi Septiana; Pembimbing: Fatma Lestari; Penguji: Laksita Ri Hastiti, Stevan Deby Anbiya Muhamad Sunarno, Alfajri Ismail, Widiyo Weni Wigati
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Tesis ini membahas strategi evakuasi kebakaran dengan pendekatan pemodelan tiga dimensi (3D) di tiga rumah sakit milik PT X yang berlokasi di Balikpapan, Tarakan, dan Makassar. Saat ini, proses evakuasi dalam kondisi darurat dapat dianalisis melalui pemanfaatan perangkat lunak simulasi berbasis komputer yang mampu memodelkan dinamika pergerakan individu secara mendekati kondisi nyata. Pendekatan ini menjadi salah satu metode rekayasa yang efisien dalam menilai sejauh mana bangunan mampu mendukung proses evakuasi kebakaran. Agar simulasi ini menghasilkan gambaran yang akurat, diperlukan pula pemahaman yang komprehensif mengenai elemen-elemen pendukung evakuasi, terutama pada fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan yang memiliki penghuni dengan keterbatasan mobilitas dan tingkat kerentanan yang tinggi. Rumah sakit sebagai fasilitas layanan kesehatan memiliki tingkat risiko tinggi apabila terjadi kebakaran, terutama karena kompleksitas bangunan dan keterbatasan mobilitas pasien. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan simulasi evakuasi 3D menggunakan perangkat lunak Pathfinder untuk menganalisis pergerakan penghuni dalam situasi darurat. Simulasi dilakukan berdasarkan data teknis bangunan dan karakteristik pengguna, termasuk skenario evakuasi pasien non-ambulatory menggunakan tempat tidur. Hasil pemodelan menunjukkan bahwa terdapat area kritis seperti ruang ICU dan rawat inap yang memiliki waktu evakuasi (Required Safe Egress Time) melebihi batas waktu aman (Available Safe Egress Time), yang mengindikasikan potensi kegagalan evakuasi jika tidak dilakukan perbaikan strategi. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga menilai tingkat kesesuaian sarana evakuasi terhadap standar dan regulasi teknis. Hasil penilaian menunjukkan bahwa ketiga rumah sakit memiliki tingkat kesesuaian rata-rata sebesar 81,3% dan masuk dalam kategori “Baik”. Namun, masih ditemukan kekurangan pada aspek penting seperti ketiadaan ramp dan fire lift untuk evakuasi pasien dalam kondisi tidak dapat berjalan. Penelitian ini menunjukkan perlunya perencanaan evakuasi yang lebih adaptif melalui strategi kesiapan personel tenaga medis, progressive horizontal evacuation dan peningkatan infrastruktur pendukung.
This thesis discusses fire evacuation strategies using a three-dimensional (3D) modeling approach at three hospitals owned by PT X, located in Balikpapan, Tarakan, and Makassar. Currently, emergency evacuation processes can be analyzed using computer-based simulation software that realistically models individual movement dynamics during emergencies. This approach serves as an effective engineering method to assess the extent to which a building supports evacuation during a fire event. To ensure simulation accuracy, a comprehensive understanding of evacuation support facilities is essential, particularly in healthcare settings where occupants often have limited mobility and higher vulnerability. Hospitals, as healthcare facilities, present a high level of fire risk due to their structural complexity and the mobility limitations of patients. This study utilized 3D evacuation modeling through Pathfinder software to simulate occupant movement in emergency scenarios. The simulation was based on building specifications and occupant characteristics, including scenarios involving the evacuation of non-ambulatory patients using beds. The results indicate that critical areas such as intensive care units (ICUs) and inpatient wards recorded Required Safe Egress Time (RSET) that exceeded the Available Safe Egress Time (ASET), suggesting a potential failure in evacuation without strategic improvements. In addition, the study evaluated the compliance level of evacuation facilities with technical standards and regulations. The findings showed that the three hospitals achieved an average compliance score of 81.3%, categorized as “Good.” However, deficiencies were found in essential aspects such as the absence of ramps and fire lifts for evacuating non-ambulatory patients. This study highlights the need for more adaptive evacuation planning through improved preparedness of medical personnel, the application of progressive horizontal evacuation, and the enhancement of supporting infrastructure.
This thesis discusses fire evacuation strategies using a three-dimensional (3D) modeling approach at three hospitals owned by PT X, located in Balikpapan, Tarakan, and Makassar. Currently, emergency evacuation processes can be analyzed using computer-based simulation software that realistically models individual movement dynamics during emergencies. This approach serves as an effective engineering method to assess the extent to which a building supports evacuation during a fire event. To ensure simulation accuracy, a comprehensive understanding of evacuation support facilities is essential, particularly in healthcare settings where occupants often have limited mobility and higher vulnerability. Hospitals, as healthcare facilities, present a high level of fire risk due to their structural complexity and the mobility limitations of patients. This study utilized 3D evacuation modeling through Pathfinder software to simulate occupant movement in emergency scenarios. The simulation was based on building specifications and occupant characteristics, including scenarios involving the evacuation of non-ambulatory patients using beds. The results indicate that critical areas such as intensive care units (ICUs) and inpatient wards recorded Required Safe Egress Time (RSET) that exceeded the Available Safe Egress Time (ASET), suggesting a potential failure in evacuation without strategic improvements. In addition, the study evaluated the compliance level of evacuation facilities with technical standards and regulations. The findings showed that the three hospitals achieved an average compliance score of 81.3%, categorized as “Good.” However, deficiencies were found in essential aspects such as the absence of ramps and fire lifts for evacuating non-ambulatory patients. This study highlights the need for more adaptive evacuation planning through improved preparedness of medical personnel, the application of progressive horizontal evacuation, and the enhancement of supporting infrastructure.
T-7415
Depok : FKM-UI, 2025
S2 - Tesis Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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Hanif Safar; Pembimbing: Fatma Lestari; Penguji: Mufti Wirawan, Stevan Deby Anbiya Muhamad Sunarno, Bimo Prasetyo, Rudy Dewanto
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Hotel di kawasan bandara menghadapi risiko kebakaran yang tinggi akibat tingkat okupansi yang tinggi, aktivitas selama 24 jam, serta keberagaman karakteristik penghuninya. Proses evakuasi dalam situasi darurat kebakaran menjadi tantangan penting dalam memastikan keselamatan jiwa. Penelitian ini bertujuan merancang strategi evakuasi kebakaran berbasis perangkat lunak pada tiga hotel bandara di Indonesia: Hotel X (Yogyakarta International Airport), Hotel Y (Juanda International Airport), dan Hotel Z (I Gusti Ngurah Rai International Airport). Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan semi kuantitatif dengan pengumpulan data primer dan sekunder melalui observasi, wawancara, dan checklist sarana evakuasi. Simulasi evakuasi dilakukan menggunakan perangkat lunak Pathfinder dengan mempertimbangkan tata letak gedung dan karakteristik penghuni sebagaiman aslinya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ketiga hotel memiliki potensi bahaya kebakaran yang dominan berasal dari instalasi listrik dan aktivitas dapur. Meskipun secara teknis hasil vvaluasi sarana evakuasi telah sesuai terhadap standar dan peraturan, secara operasional masih diperlukan perbaikan, seperti memberikan short induction kepada tamu hotel saat melakukan check in. Selain itu, simulasi menggunakan Pathfinder memperlihatkan bahwa waktu evakuasi aktual mendekati batas aman Available Safe Egress Time (ASET). Diskusi menekankan pentingnya penggunaan material tahan api, sosialisasi berkala kepada penghuni, serta integrasi sistem teknologi evakuasi. Simulasi Pathfinder terbukti efektif dalam memvisualisasikan skenario evakuasi dan memberikan dasar perumusan strategi evakuasi kebakaran di hotel bandara.
Hotels in airport areas face a high risk of fire due to high occupancy rates, 24-hour activity, and the diverse characteristics of their guests. The evacuation process in fire emergencies is a major challenge in ensuring safety. This study aims to design a software-based fire evacuation strategy for three airport hotels in Indonesia: Hotel X (Yogyakarta International Airport), Hotel Y (Juanda International Airport), and Hotel Z (I Gusti Ngurah Rai International Airport). The study uses a semi-quantitative approach with primary and secondary data collection through observation, interviews, and evacuation facility checklists. Evacuation simulations were conducted using Pathfinder software, considering the building layout and occupant characteristics as they are in reality. The study results indicate that all three hotels have dominant fire hazards originating from electrical installations and kitchen activities. Although the technical evaluation of evacuation facilities meets standards and regulations, operational improvements are still needed, such as providing a brief orientation to hotel guests during check-in. Additionally, the Pathfinder simulation revealed that the actual evacuation time was close to the safe limit of Available Safe Egress Time (ASET). The discussion emphasized the importance of using fire-resistant materials, conducting regular awareness campaigns for occupants, and integrating evacuation technology systems. The Pathfinder simulation proved effective in visualizing evacuation scenarios and providing a basis for formulating fire evacuation strategies in airport hotels.
T-7411
Depok : FKM-UI, 2025
S2 - Tesis Pusat Informasi Kesehatan Masyarakat
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