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ABSTRAK
BBLR merupakan indikator multidimensi yang penting untuk mengukur masalah kesehatan di masyarakat. Di Indonesia, prevalensi BBLR mengalami penurunan yang lambat padahal BBLR memberi beban ekonomi yang tinggi bagi negara. Komplikasi kehamilan dianggap sebagai determinan penting terjadinya BBLR di negara berkembang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh komplikasi kehamilan terhadap kejadian BBLR pada anak terakhir yang lahir hidup di Indonesia tahun 2007 setelah dikontrol seluruh confounding. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional seperti desain sumber data SDKI 2007. Populasi sumber penelitian ini diambil dari 33 provinsi yang diambil dengan metode stratified two stage cluster sampling, sehingga peneliti melakukan analisis Complex sampling. Study participants dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 9.339 responden (11.839 responden sebelum dilakukan pembobotan).
Hasil analisis
diketahui prevalensi BBLR sebesar 5,3%, prevalensi komplikasi kehamilan 11,5% (1,3% mules sebelum 9 bulan, 2,2% perdarahan, 0,6% demam tinggi, 0,1% kejang dan pingsan, 5,8% komplikasi lainnya, dan 1,2% mengalami lebih dari 1 komplikasi kehamilan), dan prevalensi BBLR pada ibu yang mengalami komplikasi kehamilan sebesar 11,5%. Analisis multivariat Logistic regression didapatkan adanya peningkatan PR komplikasi kehamilan terhadap BBLR sebesar 3,184 (CI 95% 1,058 - 4,112) setelah dikontrol variabel confounder umur ibu saat melahirkan, jarak kelahiran, status paritas, riwayat BBLR, pendidikan ibu, tempat tinggal, lahir kembar dan jumlah kunjungan ANC serta mempertimbangkan interaksi antara komplikasi kehamilan dengan status paritas. Jenis komplikasi kehamilan yang paling mempengaruhi terjadinya BBLR adalah demam yang tinggi (POR 6,098 CI 95% 0,4206 ? 7,3606), mules sebelum 9 bulan (POR 5,113 CI 95% 0,22984 ? 6,05784).
ABSTRACT
Low birth weight is an important indicator to measure multidimensional health problems in the community. In Indonesia, the prevalence of low birth weight decreased slowly while LBW become a high economic burden for the country. Complications of pregnancy considered as an important determinant of the LBW in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the effect of pregnancy complications to LBW in Indonesia on 2007 after controlling all confounders. This study use cross-sectional design as the data source IDHS 2007. The source population of this study were taken from 33 provinces which drawn with a two-stage stratified cluster sampling, so the researchers conducted an analysis Complex sampling to prevent bias. Study participants in this study were 9.339 respondents (11.839 respondents prior to weighting).
Results of analysis
show LBW prevalence was 5.6%, 11.5% prevalence of pregnancy complications (1.3% abdominal contraction before 9 months, 2.2% bleeding, 0.6% of high fever, 0.1% seizures and fainting, 5,8% other complications, and 1.2% had more than one pregnancy complication), and 11.5% LBW in women with pregnancy complications. Pregnancy complications were associated with low birth weight. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that pregnancy complications women were 34 times more likely to delivered LBW (POR 2,507, 95% CI 1,982-3,173). LBW also associated with maternal age, birth interval, previous abortion, maternal education, wealth index, twins and antenatal visit. Types of pregnancy complications that mostly affecting the LBW are high fever (POR 6,098 CI 95% 0,4206 ? 7,3606), abdominal contraction before 9 months (POR 5,113 CI 95% 0,22984 ? 6,05784).
Kematian neonatal dini merupakan penyumbang kematian bayi dan perinatal yang merupakan indikator derajat kesejahteraan dan kesehatan bangsa. Angka kematian bayi dan perinatal di Indonesia masih tergolong tinggi dibanding negara Asia lainnya. Komplikasi kehamilan diduga menjadi faktor kuat kematian neonatal dini. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh adanya komplikasi kehamilan dan setiap jenis komplikasi kehamilan serta ingin mengetahui PAR (Population Attributle Risk) terhadap kematian neonatal dini di Indonesia pada anak yang lahir 2002-2007 terhadap kematian neonatal dini setelah dikendalikan seluruh confounding. Desain studi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah crossectional dengan analisis multivariat complex sample cox regression. Sampel penelitiansebanyak 13893 dari 33 provinsi Indonesia yang diambil dengan metode Stratified two-stage cluster design.
Hasil analisis menunjukkan komplikasi kehamilan terhadap kematian neonatal dini dimodifikasi oleh berat lahir. Peneliti membuat dua model untuk membuktikan pengaruh komplikasi kehamilan terhadap kematian neonatal dini. Pada model pertama, PR komplikasi kehamilan terhadap kematian neonatal dini pada strata berat lahir <2000 gram sebesar 28,74 (95%CI: 10,21-81,02) PAR 13,92%, pada stratum ≥2000 gram sebesar PR 1,03 (95%CI: 0,32-3,34) PAR 11,94%. Pada model kedua, PR prematuritas memiliki risiko tertinggi PR 3,98 (95%CI 1,36-11,63) dengan PAR 8,1%. Diharapkan pemerintah dan masyarakat dapat berperan aktif dalam penurunan dan penanggulangan komplikasi kehamilan sedini mungkin dengan Antenatal care.
Early neonatal death is a contributor to infant and perinatal mortality that is an indicator of well-being and health degree in the nation. Infant and perinatal mortality rate in Indonesia is still higher than other Asian countries. Complications during pregnancy may be a strong factor of early neonatal death. This study want to determine how much influence and PAR of complication during pregnancy to early neonatal death in Indonesia after adjusted all confounding. This study used the cross-sectional design study with complex samples cox regression to multivariat analysis. There were 13893 respondents from 33 provinces in Indonesia were taken by stratified two-stage cluster sample technique.
The Results indicated that there are effect modification of Complication during pregnancy and birth weight to early neonatal death. This study created 2fixed models in multivariat analysis. In the first model, PR complication during pregnancy with birth weight <2000 gr 28,74(95%CI 10,21-81,02) PAR 13,92, complication during pregnancy with birth weight ≥2000 gr PR 1,03 (95%CI 0,32-3,34) PAR 11,94. In third model, only proven premature has significant to be early neonatal death risk with PR 3,98 (95%CI 1,36-11,63) PAR 8,1%. Health ministry and public can improve efectiveness of ANC to reduce complication during pregnancy and premature.
Kata kunci :Komplikasi kehamilan, ANC, neonatal, kematian neonatal
This thesis discusses the pregnant women who experience complications duringpregnancy with the incidence of neonatal mortality. Neonatal mortality rate in anarea can be used as an indicator of the success of health care and healthdevelopment programs. In addition to the direct causes, there are also manyfactors triggering the occurrence of neonatal mortality. These factors includesocioeconomic factors, maternal factors, health service factors, neonatal factors,factors childbirth and postnatal care. This study used cross sectional design byusing multiple logistic regression analysis. The results of this study indicate thatthe cause of neonatal mortality is completeness ANC, visit neonatal, maternalage, birth attendants, maternal education, maternal employment and the place ofdelivery. Respondents who experienced pregnancy complications heartburnbefore 9 months have a chance at 1,021 to experience neonatal death,respondents who experienced pregnancy complications excessive bleeding have achance at 1,170 times to experience neonatal death, respondents who experiencedkommplikasi pregnancy fever has the opportunity for 1,153 times to experienceneonatal deaths , respondents who experienced pregnancy complications seizureshave a chance at 1,036 times to experience neonatal death, respondents whoexperienced pregnancy complications with danger signs of more than onejenistanda hazards such as hypertension, headache, fetal position, breechpresentation, and edema have a chance at 1,276 times to experience neonataldeath. And associated with complications of pregnancy, it is expected thegovernment to make efforts terhadapa early detection of complications inpregnancy and should be followed by continuous monitoring on compliancemother against the advice of health officials.
Keywords :Complications of pregnancy, ANC, neonatal, neonatal death
