Abstrak: Kelompok Penasun merupakan kelompok berisiko HIV dengan agka prevalensi HIV lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kelompok berisiko HIV lainnya di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan perilaku berisiko HIV pada Penasun dewasa muda dan dewasa madya di 3 kota di Indonesia. Desain penelitian ini adalah cross sectional menggunakan data STBP tahun 2011 dan 2015. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah Penasun di kota Medan, Bandung, dan Malang yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan prevalensi HIV lebih tinggi pada Penasun dewasa madya, namun meningkat 10% pada Penasun dewasa muda. Analisis multivariabel menunjukkan perilaku berisiko yang dapat meningkatkan status HIV positif tahun 2011 pada Penasun dewasa muda adalah mulai menyuntik NAPZA pada usia ≤ 18 tahun, tidak mengurangi praktik setting basah, pernah melakukan hubungan seks, berhubungan seks dengan lebih dari 1 orang, dan tidak konsisten menggunakan kondom; sedangkan pertama kali menyuntik dan berhubungan seks pada usia ≤ 18 tahun dapat meningkatkan risiko HIV positif pada Penasun dewasa madya.

Pada tahun 2015 perilaku berisiko yang dapat meningkatkan status HIV positif pada Penasun dewasa muda adalah menyuntik NAPZA pada usia ≤ 18 tahun, pinjam meminjam jarum, dan tidak konsisten menggunakan kondom; sedangkan pertama kali menyuntik pada usia ≤ 18 tahun, dan memiliki pasangan seks tidak tetap dapat meningkatkan risiko HIV positif pada Penasun dewasa madya. Perlu adanya peningkatan layanan pencegahan HIV ke Penasun dewasa muda dan intervensi terhadap jejaring Penasun.

Kata kunci : Penasun, dewasa muda, dewasa madya, perilaku berisiko HIV

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IDU is population-at-risk that has the highest HIV prevalance in Indonesia. This study aims to know different risk behavior among young adult and middle-aged adult IDU in 3 cities in Indonesia. This study design is cross sectional by using IBBS data 2011 and 2015. Samples in this study were IDU in 3 cities in Indonesia that meet inclusion and exclusion criteria.

The result shows that HIV prevalence is higher among middle-aged adult IDU, but increase 10% among young adult IDU. Multivariable analysis shows risk behaviors that increase risk of HIV positive among young adult IDU in 2011 are age at first injection ≤ 18 years, not reduce sharing drugs with water, ever had sex, and having multiple sex partners; whereas first injection and first had sex at ≤ 18 years old increase risk of HIV positive status among middle-aged adult IDU.

In 2015, risk behaviors that increase HIV positive status among young adult IDU are age at first injection ≤ 18 years, sharing syringes to inject, and not consistent using condom; whereas first injection at ≤ 18 years old and having casual sex partner increase risk of HIV positive among middle-aged adult IDU. Prevention HIV services should be improved for young adult IDU and also network intervention should be improved.

Keywords : IDU, young adult, middle-aged adult, hiv risk behavior

Abstrak: Purpose: Research examining the relationship between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related risk behavior and negative affective states has netted mixed findings. The present study examined the potential moderating role of gender and sexual orientation on negative affect and HIV-related risk behavior.

Design: Measures of depression, anxiety, and HIV-related risk behavior were collected from participants at the time of pretest counseling. Analysis of variance was used to examine HIV-related risk behavior as a function of negative affect levels and gender and behavioral sexual orientation.

Setting: The study was conducted through a community-based, anonymous HIV counseling and testing site.

Subjects: Participants included 185 consecutively recruited men and women presenting for HIV testing.

Measures: Participants completed a structured interview regarding HIV-related risk behavior, the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depressed Mood Scale, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory.

Results: Greater HlV-related risk behavior was associated with high levels of anxiety and moderate or high levels of depression for bisexual women. Greater HIV-related risk behavior was also associated with low levels of anxiety and mild to moderate levels of depression for bisexual men.

Conclusions: The relationship between negative affective states and HIV-related risk behavior may vary as a function of gender and behavioral sexual orientation. Better understanding of the relationship between negative affect and risk behavior may be achieved through consideration of these sources of variation.

Abstrak: Purpose: Public-private partnerships may help to promote healthy diets. We assessed customers' exposure to and the acceptability of a Dutch public-private healthy diet campaign in butcher's shops and investigated the effects on the purchase of lean meat and the use of liquid cooking margarine and potential behavioral determinants.

Methods: The pretest-posttest control group design included 486 customers (242 experimental and 244 control) of butcher shops representing 64% of the original sample. Campaign exposure, acceptability, and behavioral effects were measured by a questionnaire.

Results: Seventy-one percent of the customers noticed the campaign. Scores on the acceptability were positive to very positive. Regression analysis revealed that customers in the experimental condition evaluated the campaign better (B = .415; p < .05) and felt more encouraged to buy lean meat (B = .252; p < .05) than customers in the control condition. No effects on behavior were found.

Discussion: Study design limitations included possible campaign exposure of control group participants. The study shows the feasibility and acceptability of a joint health-promoting activity through a public-private partnership, but there were no effects on behavior.

Abstrak: Purpose: To assess the status of U.S. military retirees and their spouses 38 to 64 years of age relative to select Healthy People 2010 objectives and to identify sociodemographic characteristics associated with select health behaviors.

Design: Cross-sectional analyses with self-reported standardized measures from the U.S. Department of Defense Population Health Survey, 2003.

Setting: The continental United States.

Subjects: U.S. military retirees and their spouses 38 to 64 years of age.

Measures: Data for this study were self-reported responses to the Population Health Survey. Dichotomous variables were created to indicate whether each Healthy People 2010 objective had been met. Each objective was measurable with the survey by using the definitions set forth in Healthy People 2010. These objectives included healthy weight and obesity based on body mass index (height and weight); daily fruit, vegetable, and grain-product consumption; physical inactivity, moderate physical activity, and vigorous physical activity; binge drinking; cigarette use; and smoking-cessation attempts.

Results: The study population did not meet any of the Healthy People 2010 objectives included in this study. Sociodemographic characteristics that were associated with this result included being male, not having a college degree, and a less-than-excellent self-reported general health status.

Conclusion: Health-promotion interventions are needed to improve the health status of this population and to achieve the goals set forth in Healthy People 2010.

Abstrak: A tailored health promotion program was developed and applied to reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors among middle-aged and advanced-age bus drivers. The participants were 248 bus drivers from 2 transportation companies, in whom the authors surveyed health behaviors (physical activity, diet, smoking habit, and alcohol consumption), health status (body mass index, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein), and job stress. The tailored health promotion program consisted of exercise, diet, temperance, and smoking cessation education; the program was developed to reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors and was administered for 6 months. After the program, health behaviors, such as physical activity, dietary habits, smoking habits, and alcohol consumption, and health status indicators, such as blood pressure, had significantly improved (P < .05). The authors did not find an association between job stress and health behavior and status. This suggests that a tailored health promotion program for middle-aged and advanced-age bus drivers was effective.

Abstrak: Introduction: . Women suffer disproportionately from depression, which has a high prevalence in developing countries. Sociodemographic factors are associated with depression, some of which may be modifiable and lead to better outcomes for depression among women.

Objectives: . To determine sociodemographic factors associated with depression among women of reproductive age in Karachi.

Methods: . A case control study was conducted on 376 women in 2 hospitals in Karachi. Patients were diagnosed by psychiatrists and family physicians by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) criteria and SRQ20.

Results: . The odds for women with depression being married for >5 years, being abused by in-laws, spending ≤3 hours per day with their spouses, and being just satisfied or not satisfied with their married life was more than that for controls.

Conclusion: . The authors' findings highlight the important modifiable risk factors for depression, which if addressed will help decrease the burden of depression among women.

Abstrak: Familial aggregation of blood pressure with respect to anthropometric characteristics was investigated among the Lobana (a tribal origin) population in Punjab, a North Indian state. A total of 505 individuals comprised the study sample, constituting 116 families of 3 generations. The study represents a multivariate model analysis, which includes family data with respect to blood pressure phenotypes and other metric measurements such as height, weight, body mass index, waist and hip circumferences, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and 4 skinfold measurements. A higher correlation for almost all sets of anthropometric variables with blood pressure was found among the offspring generation as compared with the parental and grandparental generations. The study confirmed that the familial aggregation of blood pressure with respect to anthropometric measurements is strong in the offspring generation. The findings suggest that sharing a household environment has a significant effect on familial aggregation especially for systolic blood pressure.